نشریه دانشگاه علوم پزشکی خراسان شمالی
سال چهارم شماره 4 (زمستان 1391)

Malassezia furfur, a lipophilic, dimorphic and yeast-like fungus, occurring in human skin as an opportunistic pathogen, causes diseases and physiological states such as dandruff, pityriasis versicolar, seborrheic dermatitis, etc. Dandruff may be defined as a chronic, non inflammatory scaling of the scalp, characterized by massive desquamation of small flakes of stratum corneum, without evidence of any skin disease either on the scalp or elsewhere. The scales may be dried or trapped in a film or sebum. Dandruff is uncommon in infancy and early childhood but by puberty half of all males and females become affected and it may persist throughout life.Dandruff must therefore be considered a physiological state, cosmetically important, rather than a disease. Hence, it seems too important for researchers to find natural remedies to control it. In this research, suitable media for culturing the organism were standardized. A modified medium for the culturing of M. furfur has been proposed. Growth of the fungus was also determined under the influence of different temperature, pH and salinity. Plant extracts of two species were screened against the growth of the fungus and also was used as shampoos, by 50 volunteers who suffered from dandruff, and the results were discussed. Selection of an appropriate formula was based on antifungal activity against M. furfur, the physi¬cal appearance, the chemical properties and stability of the formula. At the end, the observations showed that five percent tea tree oil shampoo worked effectively on most of the volunteers. It provided the required qualities necessary for commercial use more than aloe vera leaf gel shampoo. The toxicity studies of formulations did not show any toxic or irritating effect after 24 hours of the study.

Biebersteinia multifida DC., also known as the “Adamak plant” has been used as a folk medicine for treating muscle disorders and bone damages. The general aim of this project is to extract the aerial parts of the mentioned plant via the microwave method and later comparing this obtained essence with the one produced via water extraction method. Biebersteinia multifida DC essence was gained using two different methods, the microwave and the Clevenger procedure. These samples were afterwards analyzed for their components by using GC device. In microwave method, 15 tests were successfully conducted with Box–Behnken minitab parameters, showing three various levels designed by the software. Later the optimum condition was compared with the Clevenger procedure. The optimum extraction parameters, such as power, Particle source size and the extraction duration were precisely determined via Box–Behnken method to be, 672.7(vat), 0.53and 98.60(minute) respectively. The percentage of the essence exhibited 114.01 % in comparison with the Clevenger method. The R2 parameter belonging to the essential oil percentage was measured to be 96.51, which proves it to be the suitable model. Based on the obtained results it has been confirmed that, although extraction depends on the target compound still the microwave procedure showed to be time-saving with the appropriate extraction yield.

Germination is one of the essential period of plants growth that can be affected harmfully by chemical agents released by other palnts.The allelopathic effects of Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L.), Nut grass (Cyperus rotondus L.), Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) and Datura (Datura stramonium L.) were investigated on germination characteristics of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) seeds in a growth chamber experiment. Experimental treatments were extracted by distillation from dried leaves of six species of weeds that applied by four concentrations included: zero (distilled water), 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 volume percent (w / v) was applied on the seeds of Marigold plants. Experimental design was factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications. The aqueous extracts applied to seed, significantly inhibited seed germination, germination rate, radicle and hypocotyl length of marigold with increasing of extract concentration. Bermuda grass extract showed the most inhibition effect on seed germination of Marigold and decreased it by 57/7%. The inhibition effect of Datura, Nut grass and Black nightshade extracts was less than Bermuda grass. Datura, Bermuda grass and Nut grass extract showed the most negative effect on germination rate of marigold and decreased it 68%. All weeds extracts significantly decreased the length of marigold radicle and hypocotyl. But Lambs quarters and Nut grass extracts showed the most inhibition effects. These results suggest that extracts from shoot of weeds had potentially allelopathic effect. However the activity differed depending on weed species and extract concentration.

The modern essence extraction methods are following special patterns in order to increase the quality, prevent the contamination, and decrease the sample preparation costs. In order to get the best essence possible, subjects like the herbal components properties, suitable solvent and precision should be put into serious consideration. In this current study we have compared the Biebersteinia multifida DC essential oils obtained with two different solvents and methods, hydro distillation and normal hexane extraction. After collecting the plant sample, and conducting the drying procedure, the essential oils were obtained using two various methods, solvent extraction and the hydro distillation (Clevenger). Later the essential oil components were analyzed using GC, MASS SPECTROSCOPY devices. Furthermore the yield of extraction was also studied for both of the mentioned methods. In hydro distillation protocol and solvent extraction method 30 and 13 compounds were recognized respectively. On the other hand the optimum time for the Clevenger method was calculated to be 360 minutes; however it was 3 days for solvent extraction method. The most profound advantages about the hydro distillation method can be its short duration, high extraction yield and using the non toxic-environmental friendly solvent. Selecting the most proper method should be based on the desired compound. The extraction yield for the Clevenger method was 1.33 times more than the solvent extraction method.

Backgroud & Infection of the full-thickness burns due to necrotic tissues is one of the important problems in patients with deep burns. The proteolytic properties of kiwifruit that is used for debridment necrotic tissues also can be effects on the infection of burns. This study assesses topical effectiveness of Kiwifruit on the infections of full-thickness burns in male rats. This experimental study was performed on 10 Wistar rats. After anesthesia with ketamin and xylosine, both flanks of rats were shaved. Then full thickness burns with 3cm diameter were produced by boiling water for 10 seconds. The Rats were divided into 3 groups randomly. Right side of the first group was treated by kiwifruit and other side by Elase pomade and second group right side by kiwifruit or Elase pomade and the other side was control group 1 and third group were not received treatment. Evaluation of infection of burn was done by clinical assessment scale with validity and reliability. The results showed that none sign of infection was registered during kiwifruit debridement time (5/7days). Also this difference was significant with Elase group (p<0/001). On the other hand there was no significant difference between control groups with Elase groups. Regarding to the result of research, using kiwifruit not only has preventive effects on burns infection but also can accelerate debridement time.

Plant essential oils are pest control tools that have good prospect with attention to rich plant flora of Iran. For first time in the world, repellency effects of Geranium, Pelargonium roseum Andrews, Galbanum, Ferula gumosa Boiss., and Artemisia, Artemisia sieberi Besser, essential oils on adults of Bemisia tabaci Gen. (Hom., Aleyrodidae) were evaluated by choice test under laboratory condition. Result showed that landed adults on treated leaves by 12 ppm of each essential oil were significantly lower than control treatment. This data implicated suitable protective effects of the essential oils to the pest infestation. Thus, essential oils distillated from Geranium, Artemisia and Galbanum could be applied to control B. tabaci in greenhouse cucumber at V/V 12ppm

Marigold is a medicinal plant that has valuable ingredients which are used in the treatment of many diseases. The flowers of this plant can be used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, skin ulcers and inflammation. Marigold accelerates skin wounds healing by preventing inflammation in the skin and mucous membranes, reducing tissue swelling and abscess re-built. Determination of the appropriate time to harvest the herb flowers is very important because it impact on the amount of active ingredients in flowers. In this study we aimed to determine the appropriate time to harvest the marigold flowers. I order to determine the amount of active ingredients (including extracts and essential oils) in flower and study the trend of changes, in three different stages of flowering, (including early, mid and late flowering, respectively, 90, 150 and 210 days after planting) sampling were done and the samples were sent to a lab to determine extracts and essential oils. The amount of essential oils determined by the method of steam distillation using Clevenger and the amount of extracts were determined by extraction with 70% ethanol method. In this experiment a total of seven phenological stages during marigold growth were diagnosed. Experimental data showed the positive effects of nitrogen fertilizer on increase of active ingredients of marigold. The results of experiment showed a significant different in amount of essential oil and extracts during the flowering season. Maximum production of essential oils and extracts obtained at early flowering and in the mid to late flowering season the amount of extracts and essential oils were reduced.

salvia genus belongs to lamiaceae family that was used in ancient and its application in culinary, flavor cosmetics, food and drinking industries is important. in addition, this study compared with other areas of chemical compounds identified in the essential oil, essential oils are also antibacterial effect on gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative and anaerobic examined. Sample were collected And After drying at room temperature, samples extracted by method of water distillation, essential oils yield 0.4% was obtained, respectively. Connected components of essential oil with gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC/MS) were studied. The antimicrobial effects of essential oils using special paper discs were transferred to culture bacteria inhibition zone was measured after the usual period showed the effect of the oil. fifteen composition of the oil of salvia chloroleuca rech.f. & allen were characterized, representing 91% of the total components detected.The main constituents of the oil were identified as germacrene-D (22%), spathulenol (19.2), bicyclogermacrene (17.4%), β-Caryophyllene (9.47%) and Aromadendrene (6.49%). Also essential oil have antimicrobial effects against bacteria, Escherichia coli, Salmunella, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus was investigated by using Disk diffusion drive The highest antibacterial effects of essential oils on Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens strains was observed. bicyclogermacrene and spathulenol are inrestigated in the essential oil of this study have Most Percent in comparison with the chemicals identified in other distinets. Antibacterial test results also are showed that it has no effect on Gram-negative bacteria, But that is effecte gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringen.

Darkesh the eastern boundary forests of area interlocking Hyrcanian is located in northern Iran, which is botanically unique area features a unique treasures of medicinal plants has become.Given the the lack scientific investigations on Considering the importance of forests and the habitat characteristics of tucreum chamaedrys L. Flowering leaves Darkesh area of in the North Khorasan province been collected. In addition to, this study compared with other areas of chemical compounds identified in the essential oils, essential oil are also antibacterial effect on Gram positive bacteria, Gram-negative and anaerobes were examined. Samples were collected and after drying at room temperature, extracted by method of water distillation, essential oils yield 0.4% was obtained, respectively. Connected components of essential oil with gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC/MS) were studied. The antimicrobial effects of essential oils by using of special paper discs were transferred to culture of bacteria and inhibition zone was measured after the usual period showed the effect of the oil. fifteen composition of the oil of salvia chloroleuca rech.f. & allen were characterized, representing 91% of the total detected components. The main constituents of the oil were identified as germacrene-D (22%), spathulenol (19.2), bicyclogermacrene (17.4%), β-Caryophyllene (9.47%) and Aromadendrene (6.49%). Also essential oil has antimicrobial effects against bacteria, Escherichia coli, Salmunella, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated by using Disk diffusion drive. The highest antibacterial effects of essential oils were observed on Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens strains. Bicyclogermacrene and spathulenol as the essential oils have the most percent in comparison with the chemicals identified in other destines. Antibacterial test results also showed that it has no effect on Gram-negative bacteria, but it is effective on gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringen.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract which is diagnosed by eosinophils, lymphocytes and Mast cell infiltration and edema of airways. Recent studies indicate to the therapeutic role of anti-oxidant agents in asthma. Due to anti-oxidant properties of saffron, it may prevent from increased free radical generation and be effective in reducing asthma complications This was an experimental study. In order to investigate the effect of saffron extract on lymphocyte cells changes, 40 rat wistar were classified into five groups, i.e. control, asthma and extract-receiving asthma with 200, 100 and 50 mg/kg doses, respectively. Eexperimental asthma was induced in animals by evalbomine (injection/inhalation). Control group was received saline solution. During the asthma induction, the treated group was received the extract for 32 days, 2 times per week. In this study, the number of lymphocyte cells in the lavage liquid of each of the five groups was analyzed. The results showed a significant increase in lymphocytes of the lavaged fluid of asthmatic animals in comparison to those of the control group and the number of lymphocyte also significantly reduced in the groups treated with triple doses of extract in comparison to those of asthmatic group(P<0.05). Saffron extract has effects on white blood cells, particularly lymphocytes, which cause contraction of the respiratory tract due to release of inflammatory mediators.

Scutellaria genus has 300 species that 10 species of them are endemic to Iran. Scutellaria has been used in traditional medicine for treatment different kinds of disease such as cancer. The flavonoids of this genus are important according to their pharmacological activities. Scutellaria pinnatifida is one of the endemic plants from this genus in Iran, and there were not any phytochemical investigations about roots of this plant. In this study, flavonoids from roots of scutellaria pinnatifida are evaluated. The roots of Scutellaria pinnatifida were collected and dried in the shade. Then dried roots were powdered by the mill and extracted by distilled methanol and were concentrated in reduced pressure by rotary evaporator. The concentrated extract was decantated by immiscible solvents. The extracts of petroliem ether, methylene chloride, ethyl asetate, butanol were obtained which methylene chloride extract was used for the next stage of purification and structure elucidation. The extraction of flavonoids and purification were done using column chromatography and preparative HPLC respectively and then they were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR). From the roots of Scutellaria pinnatifida two flavonoids were purified and elucidated that one of them was wogonin and the other one was SkullcapflavoneII. Scutellaria pinnatifida has flavonoids in its roots, Although these compounds were obtained from other species from scutellaria genus, in this study for first time these compounds were obtained from Scutellaria pinnatifida and thus more investigations about biological activities from this plant and its compounds are recommended.

Herbal medicine is one of the most widely used complementary and alternative medicine used around the world. The most effective training programs are based on theory-driven approaches that are rooted behavior change model. Among behavior change model, the effectiveness of the theory of planned behavior has been documented in previous studies. The aim of the study was to find out factors associated with herbal medicine using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) among women in Qazvin. in the cross sectional study, 792 women were selected based on clustered sampling and voluntary participation from Qazvin, Iran, in 2011-2012. Following individual interviewing, data were gathered using a self administrated questionnaire include demographic characteristics (4 items), knowledge (5 items), attitude (7 items), subjective norms (3 items), perceived behavior control (5 items), intention (3 items) and behavior (1 item). Finally, data were analyzed by SPSS 18.0 and presented with Pearson and regression testes. the mean age of women were 29.34 ± 8.99 and 92.05% of them were married and 78.9% of participants were housekeeper. There were medium to high correlations coefficients between the TPB’s constructs. Knowledge (β = 0.195, P< 0.01), attitude (β = 0.227, P< 0.01), subjective norms (β = 0.071, P< 0.05), perceived behavior control (β = 0.422, P< 0.01) and intention (β = 0.138, P< 0.01) were the main predictors of the herbal medicine usage among women. In general, TPB constructs were able to predict 57% of variance for herbal medicine usage among women. The results indicated that herbal medicine usage mainly can be predicted by PBC and attitude respectively. In spite of the importance of two variables, all of the TPB constructs should be considered for designing interventions toward forming conscious herbal medicine usage in the society.

Episiotomy is common perineal trauma in primiparous vaginal birth. Complications after episiotomy include inflammation, edema, dehiscence and perineal pain. Calendula has wound healing effects but there is little information about its application on episiotomy. Thus we aimed to study the effect of Calendula ointment on wound healing of episiotomy. the purpose of this study was to elevate the effectiveness of Calendula ointment on wound healing of episiotomy among primiparous women admitted in Lolagar hospital of Tehran, 2010. the study was carried out using a randomized control trial method; the population included primiparous who had the inclusion criteria of the study. The setting of the study Conducted on 74 primiparous women referred to Lolagar hospital in Tehran which were selected with random allocation method. The case group consisted of 37 women that consumed Calendula ointment and control group consisted of 37 women that consumed hospital’s routine care (Povidon Iodine). The data collection instruments were questionnaire and REEDA Scale (redness, Edema, Ecchmosis, Discharge and Approximation). Questionnaire was demographic, postpartum and neonatal items of primiparous mothers. Perineal wound healing was evaluated using REEDA Scale within 4 hours and 5 days after intervention. Data were analyzed by spss 16 softe ware and presented with chi-square and t-test. Our findings showed that The REEDA score was significantly lower in the experimental group (Calendula ointment) 5 days after episiotomy (p=0.001). Considering the result of this study, it seems that Calendula ointment can be used in episiotomy wound care instead of Povidon Iodine solution because this compound has anti- inflammatory and antimicrobial properties that were more effective than Povidon Iodine in wound pain relief. This method suggested as a safe and effective method with minimal side effects.

In recent times the natural products obtained from organisms such as medicinal plants (secondary metabolites) are known as a powerful source to supplement therapy and prevention of porstate cancer and BPH. In this review article some of the famous and applicable natural products and medicinal plants used in clinic are discussed. The following information is dealing with the developments in the pharmacology and clinical trials of the known agents isolated from medicinal, as well as their suggested mechanisms. This research was done based on the searching the keywords including Natural products; BPH; Prostate cancer; anticancer; Clinical trials, mechanism through the well-known databases from beginning to 2012. In this review nine bioactive compounds isolated from nature and medicinal plants with considerable biological and pharmacological activities in treatment of cancer and benign hyperplasia of prostate are discussed. The main focuses are the clinical usage and biological effects with studying the probable mechanism of their action. During the past years many of these agents have been used in the treatment of the prostate cancer and BPH. Nine considerable bioactive structures are reported in this review. Today the potential for development of leads from natural sources and medicinal plants is growing dramatically, mainly in the area of anticancer investigations. The data prepared and described here are intended to be served as a reference tool to the natural products and chemistry specialists in order to expand the rational drug design.

In this project‏‏‏‏‏‏ we have reported a solid phase extraction method for determination of trace amount of lead in water samples. The column loaded with root of Glycyrrhizaglabra. The effect of different variables such as reagent concentration, flow rate and interfering ions on the recovery of the analyte was investigated using atomic adsorption. The calibration graph was linear in the range 10-120 ng/mL of lead in the initial solution. Detection limits was 2/15 ng/mL (n= 6) and relative standard deviation of 20 and 60 ng/mL were 3.04 and 4.75% respectively. This procedure was successfully applied to the determination of lead in waste water and samples in Solid Phase extraction.

Plant extracts are rich sources of natural antibacterial compounds. In recent decades, the need for using natural preservative in foods, has promoted extensive scientific research on plants extracts and essential oils. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the antibacterial activities of root extracts of Biebersteinia multifida DC. the hexane, chloroform and ethanol roots extracts of Biebersteinia multifida DC. are obtained by maceration method. Antibacterial activity of extracts determined against Staphylococcus aureus (PTCC 1431), Salmonella enterica (PTCC 1709), Escherichia coli (PTCC 1399), Bacillus cereus (PTCC 1015), Enterobacter aerogenes (PTCC 1229), Clostridium perfringens (PTCC 1765). The micro-dilution method was applied for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of selected bacteria strains. gram positive bacteria were more sensitive to the extracts to gram negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration against C. perfringens were 0.195 mg mL-1 and 0.391 mg mL-1. The findings indicate that hexane and ethanol roots extracts of Biebersteinia multifida DC. exerts antibacterial effects on C. perfringens. More studies, such as examinations in food models are needed to unravel the antimicrobial effects of this plant extracts.

Addiction is a chronic and relapsing disease. Relapse phenomenon in addiction treatment is the most important challenge. In spite of high efficacy of synthetic drugs recent studies have shown that they are often associated with unpleasant and undesirable side effects. Additionally current treatments have little effect in addiction treatment. Medicinal plants contain natural effective materials with lower costs and fewer side effects can be effective in the treatment of different stages of addiction. Since experimental studies are the basis for human studies. Thus, the aim of this study is to review the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of addiction in laboratory animals. In this review, all relevant original research papers and articles in physiology Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences have been published in prestigious journals were analyzed. Up to now, very few scientific studies on the effects of medicinal plants in reducing withdrawal symptoms in humans have been conducted. Therefore, the results of this study on laboratory animals showed that medicinal plants can affect the body's biochemical functions and psyche, behavior, emotions and other addicts problems and be also effective in reducing the symptoms of withdrawal and addiction treatment to. The results of this study indicated that the plants can be effective to control deprivation, reduction of dependence development and probably in detoxifying in rats.