فصلنامه دراسات الادب المعاصر
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 13، ربیع 2012)

A poet, author, statesman, and eminent social figure under the Ottoman Empire, Ma''ruf Rosafi, lived in a period when ignorance, poverty, and disease had overshadowed the country. Obviously, literature in late 19th century and early 20th century witnessed a rise and boom which included political, social, and cultural issues. And it was poetry that could yield positive effects in the process of constructing and revolutionizing life trends and its conditions. All these factors led Rosafi and others to embark upon and develop such themes as freedom of speech, spreading knowledge, abolishing ignorance, educating women, establishing justice, and defending home against colonization

Omar Abu Risha a Syrian modern poet has experimentedclassicandromanticliterary schools relying on worthy heritage of Arabic poems and moved forward in his poem completion approach using methods and techniques of Western poetry. He alsotried the symboliclanguage. And veiling techniques in his immortal poem “Annaser” i. e. «Vulture» through his numerous travels and reviewing Western writers’ works is inspired by symbolic poets; including American Edgar Allan Poe and French Charles Baudelaire. And the vulture has been used since the pre-Islamic era and now in Arabic literature as a symbol of strength and pride. And in this poem is an illustration of many symbols. It symbolizes one the one hand the poet''s self Highness and his superior ability to cope with difficulties and disappointments. On the other hand، is a symbol of the Syrian people as well as the veiling of the Arab world in general. So، we have decided to choose this poem reflecting poet obsessed with modernity in order to exchange and study.

Society is the benchmark of right and wrong and in fact literature is an expressive of it. Considering this brief sentence it can be understood that the life of literature in all ages especially in Umayyad era is under the influence of society, And Literary techniques appear under the impact of the social stimuli in that society. Social life of Umayyad dynasty era enjoyed, in most areas, facilities, abundant wealth, security andlasting peace.While other cities of Iraq (Basra and Kufa) were in the target of various intrigues and changes, and had a  very unstable social life basis. Thus in such a society, very capable literates put feet to the literary arena; and expressed their own views by the language of poetry, prose or lecture according to society''s needs. Sermon as a technique to communicate with people developed and promoted under social impacts using various methods such as sympathy and reconstruction. In fact, since sermon is a kind of weapon in human society in conditions of peace and war to promote community to its higher status, so this brief study attempts to investigate the role of social life and some of the social impacts of Umayyad era on sermon with the emphasis to Batra Sermon of Ziad Ibn Abih by using descriptive-analitical approach.Part of the research findings indicated that sermon is influenced by society and different social impacts that is evident in Batra sermon so this sermon is considered as a social and critical one.

Abu Alaa Ma’ari denuded the writers’ philosophical attitude and established a new foundation in the literature. Taha Hussein a writer philosopher founded new grounds in the field of literature on the sociology and psychology productions by fusing philosophy, literature, sociology and deepening the sense of the literature. Most of the time and on several occasions Taha Hussein loved literary figures and abstract ideas in which he found new aspects with plenty of lessons; therefore, many other writers after him used them in their works. This research aims to state Abu Alaa ‘s influence on Taha Hussein and recalled the faces of similarities and divergence in the fields of literature and style between these two geniuses.

Nizar Qabbani is known among Arab poets as a poet of love and women. In fact these two words in the dictionary of Nizar go out of the framework of definitions and restrictions that make it into the department of the collector and the inhibitor. He tried hard to find these adorable in this picturesque valley; but he did not know her way, however, may open doors to women. In the poems of our poet woman manifested in cases of multiple ways and images so that appear sometimes in the body that you may touch, and sometimes manifested in the form of beloved and sacred ideal that deserves love and adoration; The love manifested in the diverse meanings and mottos as physical joy, property, and pleasure, and over the property, and suicide, and the practice of death, and immortality, and jumping, and. .. etc., so that we cannot limit Nizar’s muddledthought which is reflected in the special meaning of love; however, what we can say is that Nizar was carrying on his body the pain of society, and this is what is clearly reflected in his poems. He knocked on every door so that this issue shows, and then find solutions for it. In this research we tried to touch upon this topic in a concise and brief way.

Ali Abdullah khalifah is one of the most famous poets ofBahraini poets who is from the Romantic Party. He is skillful in both eloquent and folkloric poems known as Mawwals, and in this field three of his divans have come in; and the poet, himself, considers composingeloquent and folkloric poems simultaneouslyas a gift thatfew peoplehave. In his eloquent poems, Ali Abdullah Khalifah has been highly affected by his surrounding and has composed his poems according to the place and time so that his first divan called «AninAssawari» is a visible scene and an obvious evidence of pearl hunters’ lives and their hardshipsof working that when reading, the reader envisions himself in the scene of their lives as if he has gone to the theatre and not having reada book; and his other divan, «Ezaat lezakerat elwatan», includes Bahraini political revolutions and draws popularuprisings. Ali Abdullah''s poems arecombined from the symbol and reality and this combination is not free from myth. The simple symbols like  «shams (the sun, fajr(dawn), zalam (darkness), and boom (owl) have differentinterpretations and this symbolic variety has come from a valuable experiencefrom where he shows the national and human subjects in order to find solutions

This article aims to disclosure questions blessing for human rights such as where before they see the light on earth, and how they were created, how they grew up, what this illness and his death and his return to embody more than once, and also wondered about the relationship between man and his creator trying to find solutions to the question in this my serious presence. to that the secret of life deeper than that understood by ordinary humans investigated in this article and the idea of pantheism in each of the “Mirdad”; “Memoranda”; “Alerakec”; “whisper of the eyelids”; ”Zaad”, and so on; and we talked about the phenomenon of reincarnation and how when Naima and on the impact of this phenomenon in “Mirdad”; and in the story of “meeting”; and in the office; ”he whispered eyelids” and so on, and «Masih» “we went to the life and death”; and “reward and punishment”, etc.