فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی
پیاپی 41 (بهار 1392)

Despite the attainment of high precision based on the sounding hydrography by ship, it is very time consuming, expensive and even impractical in very high depth. It results in the view that sounding method to be used just in coastal areas. Today, the importance of charts in geophysical sciences, oceanography,geodesy and hydrography requires finding the bathymetric data over the north and south of the country. In this paper an overview of the theoretical bases of satellite altimetry, gravity and depth parameter values using satellite observations of TOPEX/Poseidon surveys during 2003-1992 were used in Oman Sea. Maps subsequently were presented with the acoustic data and compared with the satellite altimetry data. Comparing the results of satellite altimetry and hydrographic maps of these two models are appropriate in most areas and show compliance with the ship. The standard deviation of the two models was evaluated at 40m which is reasonable in 1200m depth range in the study area.

During the past five decades, several factors caused the considerable number of villages to be exposed to de-populating and are ultimately abandoned. of villages Considering the large size of rural depopulation, it is important to study the ways by which the economic functions of such villages can persist despite this depopulation trend. Using life cycle theory in conjunction with basic principles of applied geography and mainstream rural planning and development theories, this study has tried to investigate how the existing natural resources and other potentials of such depopulating of rural areas could be used to maintain the economic functionality of these areas despite their depopulation. This study has tested the following hypotheses: Despite the depopulation of rural areas their economic functions continues. In doing so, three different types of questionnaires (54 villages, 160 head of households living in villages and 104 immigrant households) were designed in The case of Qazwin area. Findings show that the economic functions of the depopulating rural areas have continued.

The current research aims at the spatial evaluation and analysis of few development indices of the cities in Khuzestan Province. The major goal of this study is to analyze the cities’ competition rate of given indices in comparison with each other, in order to carry out integrated programming. This is an applied-quantitative study which takes use of 45 indices as well as the indexing methods and modified major factor analysis method, with the aim of determining the fruition rate of the cities in this province. The findings of the indexing method shows that 65% of the cities are at the level of “deprived” or “very deprived” which devote 38.57% of the total synthetic index to themselves. The modified major factor analysis shows that 5% of the cities of the province are at the level of “very propitious”, 5% of the cities are at the level of “propitious”, 20% of the cities are among “somewhat propitious”, 50% are included at the level of “deprived”, and 20% of them are at the level of “very deprived”. The findings of the modified major factor analysis method indicate that even though 70% of the cities in this province are at the level of “deprived” or “very deprived”, the share of the mentioned cities from the synthesis index is 39.04%. Generally, using the indexing techniques and modified major factor analysis method, the findings of this research show that the city of Ahvaz is the most appropriate and the city of Lali is the least appropriate one according to their fruition rate of the studied indices.

Urmia Lake is located in the north-west of Iran and as a largest habitat for Artemia is identified in the world. The last decade drought episodes and recent dam construction programs have simultaneously caused more evaporation of the lake water and thus considerable variations of water surface levels. These procedures cause many environmental and ecological hazards in the north west of Iran. In this research with attention to the role and significance of urmia lake in environmental and ecological balancing in the northwest of Iran, effort has been done to use remote sensing data (TM, ETM+ and Aster) and GIS to analyse the coast line changes of Urmia lake between 1989 and 2005. The results show that decrease of precipitation and negative effects of man made phenomena like dams and precipitous use of water resources (surface and underground waters) in Urmia lake region causes a full environmental/ecological crisis with retreat of the lake water and its continuing process, causes agricultural lands change to deserts.

The topic of rural–civil migration is always oblivious. This research is a case study of situations of rural immigrants codified in Mamasani city. ‌The structural attitude attention toward elements and and agents of rural immigrants and limitation of immigrant in migration site ‌is ‌the ‌goal ‌and‌ dominant ‌view point.. The research method is based on functional goals and has case descriptive analytic nature. The study consisting Mamasani city acquiring information is based on GIS and SPSS software through ANOVA test and pearson statistical correlation. Results shows that Mamasani faces high range of migration during theses four decades most of which impactsan was during 1355 -1365 and 1365 -1375 causing negative impactsan rural and urban environement. also the most important rural problem of this city is shortage of income and lack of instructional services.

In regard to the role of climate factors in tourism planning, determination of tourism climate index (TCI) is very important. To determine TCI, in Esfahan province the climatic normal of (1976-2005) meteorological synop station of Esfahan province provided by Iran Meteorological Organization data center were used. The TCI index includes seven factors: monthly mean of maximom temperature, mean of daily minimum RH,mean of monthly temperature,mean of daytime relative humidity,mean of daily precipitation of every month, mean of daily wind velocity in every month and mean of daily sunshine duration combined together. To calculate TCI, these parameters have been ranked according to TCI tables and figures and put in the GIS environment to make separate layers. At first we used DEM of the province as a base map to provide the above mentioned information layers. After weighting of these 5 information layers, we overlaid these information layers to make TCI Map. This map was reclassified into excellent to undesirable classes. The results show that May and October (with very good, excellent and ideal classes) are the best month for tourism. For March,April and Novamber the very good, excellent and Ideal are the main classes. TCI index during June, July and August show not suitable conditions for tourists. In December the north of province had the excellent and the south had unsuitable condition. January and February have the same climate conditions and during these months, north of province shows very good and excellent condition.

As in any kind of planning, due to the shortage of time and financial resources, resolutions are proposed for different periods in the stage of employing the resources and posibilities. Therefore at present study, with identification and establishing priorities of the facilities and services needed by the tourists visiting the Kafter Lake in Fars province, we have tried to determine the best and shortest path of access to them. For this purpose initially with the use of the AHP technique a weight was considered for each of the facilities and services, the establishment of priorities for offering possibilities and services With exploitation of the network analysis model in the ArcGIS software, the best and shortest paths of the access to the possibilities and services was offered as access maps with indication of the time distances. The results of the study indicate that only 21 cases of the facilities and services needed by the tourists out of the 56 cases are provided in a 17 km distance of the access and the rest of possibilities have concentrated in more remote distances and in the cities existing in the range of the study. Therefore the executive establishment of the priorities was offered in four phases such that with the redistribution of the existing resources and facilities to bring about the best access to the tourists.

Farmer empowerment plays important role in attaining agriculture development, today. Such empowerment facilitates agricultural development through their provision in cultivation, contribution to efficiency and output production raising, to naturalize farmers with productive marketing problems, natural resources and soil conservation, and in participation to rural leadership activities. The present applied research includes descriptive and analytical survey. We selected 194 inhabitant farmers in Ahar county rural areas by way of random sampling through the medium Cochran’s Test. Also research tool was questionnaire the validity of which was confirmed via different experts’ views Research reliability was calculated by sex throush Cronbakh α (α>0.86) formula. The influential factors to the empowerment of farmers were exploited to be 4 factors. The first factor was social-cultural explaining more than %27.61 from whole variance. The second factor was economical with, %17.75 from whole variance. The third factor was psychological explained %15.13 of whole variance, and the last was namely individual factor explained %12.44 from whole variance. Results showed that the most important affecting factors on farmers, empowerment are individual, economical, social-cultural and psychological the variance and explained accumulated variance of which number is (73.95) among au four factor.

Brassica napus as an oilseed is a strategic agriculture product in Iran. Knowing the best area for cultivation, helps plan and explore suitable cultivation areas efficiently. At this research, we study 24-Brassica napus farm samples to calculate the actual yields by using GPS set. The independent data are variables introduced such as mean temperature, growing degree-day, mean absolute minimum temperature, mean absolute maximum temperature, mean temperature in sowing time, mean potential evapotranspiration, slope, EC of groundwater, pH of groundwater, and mean relative humidity. We analyzed the consequences of environmental potential on autumn Brassica napus yield using Perceptron neural network by multi-layers structure with 3 hidden layers and feed backward algorithm entered to database and Brassica napus cultivation suitability map was prepared in geographic information system environment. Results show that T-test between actual and prediction values do not have significant difference in 0.05 level. We calculated Pearson correlation coefficient at 0.98, RMSE and MAE. Thus 243 and 101 Kg/h indicate the ability of neural network methods for agricultural product yield predictions.

Housing as spatial crystallization of interests and special abilities of each household over time and a circumstance in dealing with social, economic, security, cultural, religious and environmental attributes has token distinctive patterns. Due to this problem in arural town environment in which resident wants to hand it to keep pace with the rapiconstruction of new housing patterns, they also need to maintain pervious patterns that fit with the environment and their needs is very important. The aim of this paper is to study spatial diffusion of new housing patterns in rural towns (case study Daragh rural town) during a time period. ‌To‌‌‌‌ achieve the goal spatial diffusion Hagerstrand model was used and an analytical- survey research method was selected. Data and information included housing pattern types between the years 1982-2011. The model introduced, the effective indices and factors in accepting new housing and diffusion patterns of new housing in this time. Hierarchical diffusion process particularly can be well observed with regard to levels of social economic conditions. Under impact indices with different diffusion alternate matrices during different periods show variation in rates.

The old texture of Kashan is one of the worthy old textures that is confronted with physical, social and economical changes due to some difficulties such as the lack of suitable facilities, economic decline, physical and social wear, etc. Different encounters with the procedure of current changes and processes have caused the physical and spatial construction of the texture to change and while changing the form of the texture, it gradually reflects the undesired features of the new texture in itself and presents an abnormal appearance within the framework of the qualities of the organic texture. Therefore, in this research, the spatial physical processes were studied with an emphasis on the processes which change the form and appearance of the texture and the impact of the spatial set up and the finally old physical construction of the historical city on the procedure of the growth and development. For studying and clarification of this research, a combination of descriptive, analysis and survey methods has been performed. The consequences of the data analysis, clarifies that the masonry quality and the materials used in the building of residential masons, are the effective factors in form transformation and morphology and the physical transformation of Kashan old texture. So that more than 60 percent of residential masonry form 400 studied units in Kashan old texture area are destroyed and repaired, based on the quality and built of bricks and mud based materials. Also the study shows that the high building expenses especially in the center of the texture, lack of the appropriateness of the ancient transport bands with the modern needs and eventually the decrease in texture dependency among the youth and unaboriginal migrants are the most significant factors that play an important role in texture form and physical transformation.