مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد
سال بیست و یکم شماره 2 (پیاپی 91، خرداد و تیر 1392)

Approximately 50% of all women experience dysmenorrhea. It seems that childbirth can decrease menstrual pain; though، significant effect of delivery mode on dysmenorrhea has not been clearly explained. This study was carried out to determine the association between mode of delivery and dysmenorrhea frequency and severity. This is a cross-sectional and analytical study in which 384 eligible women were selected randomly from 9 health centers in Ahvaz. A questionnaire was used for data collection including two sections of demographic characteristics as well as obstetric and menstrual history. Severity of dysmenorrheal was investigated through verbal Multidimensional scoring system (VMSS) and rated on a four-point scale: 0= no dysmenorrhea، 1=minimal، 2=moderate، 3=severe dysmenorrheal. The research data was analyzed through chi-square and McNamara. Frequency of caesarean was 41. 4% and frequency of dysmenorrhea was 51. 6%، while before the first delivery، it was 79. 4%. Before and after delivery most frequent scale in severity of dysmenorrheal involved 1 and 0 respectively. Using McNamara، there was a significant relationship between delivery and frequency of dysmenorrhea (P<0. 001); though، type of delivery did not reveal any relationship to the frequency and severity of dysmenorrhea. There was a positive association among frequency of dysmenorrhea with education، ethnicity and occupation. According to the results، overall delivery declines dysmenorrheal، however; there is no difference between vaginal and caesarean delivery. Hence، further researches are required to explore this issue.

Chronic diabetes mellitus in the long run accompanies enhanced oxidative stress burden and decreases activity of antioxidant defense system. Due to significant role of these factors in development of some neurological disorders and with regard to antidiabetic and antioxidant effect of Tribulus terrestris (TT)، this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of its oral administration on brain tissue level of some markers of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. In this experimental study، rats were divided into 4 groups، i. e. control، TT-treated control، diabetic، and TT-treated diabetic groups. For induction of diabetes، streptozotcin (STZ) was intraperitoneally administered (60mg/Kg). In addition، TT-treated groups received TT mixed with standard pelleted food at a weight ratio of 3% for 5 weeks. Level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite as well as activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in brain tissue were measured at the end of the study. Diabetic rats showed a significant increase in tissue level of MDA (p<0. 01) and nitrite (p<0. 01) and a non-significant reduction of SOD activity. Furthermore، TT treatment significantly reduced level of MDA p<0. 01) and nitrite (p<0. 05). Also، SOD activity in treated-diabetic group was non-significantly higher as compared to diabetics. Chronic oral treatment with TT could attenuate some markers of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in brain tissue in diabetic rats which this could possibly prevent some neurological disorders due to enhanced oxidative stress.

Each family utilizes specific methods for personal and social education of their children. These methods that are called “Parenting style” are affected by various factors such as biological، cultural، social، political، and economic factors. The present study intends to investigate the effectiveness of parental skills training on worry، anxiety and self-efficacy beliefs of single-child and multi-child parents. In this experimental study، two private girls'' school located in the city of Karaj، were randomly selected as the control and experimental groups. Parents of experimental group’s students (54 couples) with a voluntary assignment participated in 8 training sessions. Data were obtained by General Self-efficacy Beliefs Questionnaire، Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)، Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) which were then analyzed by t-test and ANOVA. Results showed that there was not any significant difference in the pretest between single-child and multi-child parents. Regarding control and experimental groups، a significant difference has been detected between the pretest and posttest between two groups. Multifactor ANOVA test results also showed that the effect of parental skills training is significant on fear، anxiety and self-efficacy. But the number of children does not have any significant effect on the fear، anxiety and self-efficacy. Findings emphasize the necessity and importance of parental skills training to facilitate children nurture، decrease stress and worry resulting from parenting responsibility.

Optical properties of different resin composites may affect the correspondence between tooth color and its structure. Therefore، this study aimed to evaluate and compare the optical properties of 8 commercial composite resin materials with 1 and 2 mm thicknesses. 32 resin composite disks with 10 mm diameter and 1 and 2 mm thicknesses were prepared. Color parameters of the specimens were measured by Easy shade II/Vita device on black and white backgrounds. According to CIElab color scale، translucency parameter، chroma، and value of them were calculated and analyzed with two-way ANOVA and post hock Tukey tests. Translucency parameter and value on the white background decreased with increasing the specimen’s thickness from 1 to 2 mm، whereas value of different composites on black background and chroma on the both backgrounds revealed different behaviors. Increasing composite’s thickness can significantly affect its optical properties. Knowing the relative translucency of the different commercial materials can help dentists in the better choice of the proper composite for clinical use.

Today load cycling is used for similarity of invitro and invivo studies، though different results were reported in different studies. Therefore، this study aimed to investigate the effect of load cycling on micro tensile bond strength of two total etch adhesives to dentin. Enamel of 48 molar teeth were removed to expose the superficial dentin. The teeth were randomly divided into two equal groups، and were restored with Single bond (SB)، ExciTE and Synergy composite. Then the teeth of each group were divided to 4 equal sub groups. Moreover، load cycling of 0، 50، 100، 200 k load cycle with 50 newton load was used. In each sub group، 12 hour glass slabs with 1mm2 thickness were made. Then the samples were loaded by Dartec testing machine (Model HC/10) with 1 mm/min cross head speed to make the fracture occur. Data were analyzed by ANOVA، t-test، Bonferroni tests. The most micro tensile bond strength belonged to ExciTE without load cycling and lowest refered to SB with 200 k. There was a significant difference between the groups (p ExciTE= 0. 0001، p SB = 0. 001). Micro tensile bond strength in SB group was significantly lower than ExciTE (p= 0. 001). Moreover، load cycling had negative effect on micro tensile bond strength. By increasing load cycling، micro tensile bond strength of both bondings decreased significantly

Close reduction and intra medullary nailing has been established as the treatment for femoral shaft fractures with a nonunion rate of 0. 9-1. 1 %; though، it is still controversial. Currently، the most accepted method for treatment of non union is exchange nailing. Therefore، this study aimed to investigate treatment of femoral shaft fractures non union via 2 methods of exchange nailing with bone graft and nail removal، and plating with bone graft.

In this case series study، we included all patients with aseptic nonunion femoral fracture who referred to Rasool-Akram hospital from 2007 to 2012 and were clinically indicated for reoperation for nonunion after primary intra medullary nailing. Patients were assessed clinically and radiologically. The patients were treated via either method according to the type of nonunion (atrophic، oligotrophic، hypertrophic). Collected data were recorded in check lists and analyzed with SPSS V. 18 software.

Of 23 patients with mean age of 30. 4±8. 5 years، 13 (56%) were treated by exchange nailing with bone graft and 10 (44%) treated by plating and bone graft. Complete union was achieved in 85. 7% of patients treated by exchange nailing and bone graft and in 90. 9 % of patients treated with plating with bone graft. No leg length discrepancy، pain and infection were reported.

This study suggests that treatment results of nonunion femoral fractures with plating bone graft method is as good as or even better than exchange nailing with bone graft. In addition، the prevalence of femoral fracture nonunion seems to be more than what was expected before.

Diabetes Mellitus is a growing health problem in all over the world. Arctium Lappa has been used therapeutically in Europe، North America and Asia. Antioxidants and antidiabetic compounds have been found in the root of Arctium Lappa. This study intends to investigate the effects of Arctium Lappa root aqueous extract on glucose، insulin levels and Fasting Insulin Resistance Index in female rats with high sucrose diet. 40 female Wistar rats weighting 150-250 (g) were applied. After having a diet induced by sucrose 50% in drinking water for 5 weeks، the animals were randomly divided into two groups of control، sucrose induced، and three groups of sucrose induced along with Arctium Lappa root aqueous extract (50،100،200 mg/Kg) (8 rats in each group). Treatment by extracts was used during 2 weeks (i. p.) and 24 hours after the last treatment، heart blood samples were gathered. After Blood samples were centrifuged، fasting plasma glucose (12 h) was determined by kit and fasting insulin concentration was assayed by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) methods. Glucose levels، insulin and FIRI in sucrose group significantly increased in comparison with control group. Glucose levels in aqueous extract groups; 50 mg/kg (116. 14±16. 64mg/dl) and 200 mg/kg (90. 66±22. 58 mg/dl) in comparison with sucrose group (140. 5±18. 73 mg/dl) significantly decreased. Insulin level and FIRI in all of aqueous extract groups were significantly decreased (P<0. 001) in comparison with sucrose group. Arctium Lappa root aqueous extracts in animal model has revealed significant decrease in blood glucose and insulin levels.

The treatment of HSV-1 diseases with the anti-herpes drugs often leads to the problem of viral resistance. There is a requirement for new efficient antiviral drugs. Medicinal plants with therapeutic application for different ailments in traditional medicine can be a useful way in this field. In the present study، Thymus kotschyanus and Nerium oleander with ethno-medical background were screened for antiviral property on HSV-1. The plants were extracted to obtain crude aqueous extract. These extracts were screened for their cytotoxicity against Hep II cell line by CPE (cytopathic effect(assay. Antiviral effect of the plant extracts were determined by cytopathic effect inhibition assay. CC50 of Nerium oleander and Thymus kotschyanus extract was obtained with 4. 73μg/ml and 9. 28 ×102μg/ml respectively. Thymus kotschyanus extract inhibited HSV-1 multiplication at concentrations of 200-900μg/ml. Its EC50 and IC50 was 48. 36 μg/ml and 1. 12 ×102μg/ml. Thymus kotschyanus plant showed significant Antiviral effect on HSV-1، but Nerium oleander plant was toxic on it. Further research is required to find the mechanism of these plants’ effects in order to be used in conformation of anti-herpes drugs.

Axonal injury is followed by choromatolises in cell body of neurons. Peripheral nervous system damages enter to the cell body of alpha neurons retrogradely and cause spinal degeneration. Therefore، in this study، the Solanum nigrum L extract was utilized in living bodies. Since extracted lipids from the leaves of this plant has analgesic، antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects، this study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of Solanum nigrum L ethyl acetate fraction on alpha motoneurons degeneration rate after sciatic nerve injury in rats. 48 wistar rats with average body weight of 250 to 300 gr were divided randomly to six groups (control، compression، compression+ extract 25، 50، 75، 100 mg/kg). In the treated group، in addition to compression، extract was injected intraperitoneally too (2time، every week، I. P). After four weeks، lumbar segments of spinal cord L2-L4 were removed، processed، serially sectioned and were stained with Toluidine blue. The alpha motoneurons were counted by dissector method. Totally، neuron density of the control group، compression group and 25، 50، 75 and 100 treatment groups involve 1739، 781، 1189، 1418، 1630 and 1030، respectively. The results show a significant reduction for neuron density in compression group in comparison with the control group، (p <0/05). In all treatment groups، neuronal density has a significant increase compared to the compression group، but this was not observed for100mg/Kg group، (p <0/05). Results showed that ethyl acetate fraction with dose of 75 mg/kg had the most neuroprotective effect on anterior horn motoneurons of spinal cord after sciatic nerve injury in rats which indicate the antioxidant and anti inflammation activity of Solanum nigrum.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is useful in seizure diagnosis. It needs cooperation and immobility of the person and if a child does not naturally sleep، pharmacological agents will be used to induce sleeping. The purpose of this study was to investigate efficacy and side effects of oral melatonin in sedation induction for EEG of children.

In a quasi- experimental study، efficacy of single dose of 0. 3mg/kg melatonin in achieving adequate sedation (Ramsay sedation score of four) as well as its success in recording of EEG and its side effects in 40 children were investigated from September 2011 to March 2012. The participants aged 1-8 years who referred to EEG Unit of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital، Yazd، Iran and did not naturally sleep and immobilize.

Sixteen girls (40%) and 24 boys (60%) with mean age of 2. 82 ±1. 91 years were investigated. Adequate sedation and recording of EEG was achieved in 29 (72. 5 %) children. The drug was more effective in success of recording of EEG in less than two year old children (70. 6% vs. 30. 4% in two years old and more and pvalue= 0. 04) as well as in those with developmental delay (93. 3% vs. 60% in normal developmental status and pvalue =0. 02). No serious side effects were seen in the patients.

Melatonin is a safe and effective drug in sedation induction for EEG in children especially in those less than two years old and in children with developmental delay.

Curcumin is a major phenolic compound of Curcuma longa، which has long been used in traditional Indian medicine. Recently، curcumin has been reported to have antihyperglycemic activity in animal models. However، the molecular basis of this action has not been adequatedly described. In the present study the antihyperglycemic effect of curcumin was examined using C2C12 myoblast cells.

The effects of curcumin were investigated in C2C12 myotubes by treating the cells with 40 µM of curcumin for 1. 5 h. C2C12 myotubes were homogenized and the subcellular fractionation was prepared using ultracentrifugation; Then protein assay was performed using Bradford method and Glut4 determination was done using SDS-PAGE. Moreover، western immunoblotting techniques were exerted for semi-quantitative measurement. Data analysis was performed via gene tools software of Gel documentation and SPSS. An ANOVA test was used to compare three groups together.

Comparison of Glut4 levels in C2C12 myotubes showed that myotubes which were exposed to1. 5 hours of 40 µM curcunin had higher Glut4 percentages in both cytosolic and membrane fractions and Glut4 percentages were significant with a confidence interval (CI) of 95% (P<0. 05).

The study results showed that curcumin can strongly induce the increase of Glut4 translocation in differentiated C2C12 cells، indicating its possible regulatory role in the glucose metabolism of skeletal muscle cells

Cervical cancer is the second prevalent cancer in developing countries and the sixth prevalent cancer in USA. Since conventional treatment methods are associated with detrimental side effects، searching for new drugs using natural ingredients is very important. Previous studies have shown that melittin (main component of honey bee venom) has anticancer properties along with the effect on cell membrane and activation of apoptosis. In this study، inhibitory effects of melittin on the viability and proliferation of cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) was investigated.

Melittin was purified from honeybee venom using reversed-phase HPLC method. Then، biological activity of melittin was examined by hemolytic activity analysis on the red blood cells. In order to investigate whether melittin inhibits proliferation of HeLa cell، MTT assay was performed. HeLa cells were plated in a 96-well plate and treated with serially diluted concentrations of melittin for 12 and 24 hours. The viability of the cells was measured via MTT assay at 540nm.

Melittin showed a strong hemolytic activity (HD50=0. 5 µg/ml) which can be reduced by FBS (HD50=2 µg/ml). Results of MTT assay indicated that melittin shows cytotoxic effect on cervical cancer cells with IC50 = 1. 2 ug/ml at 12h incubation period.

In this study، biological activity of melittin and inhibitory effect of FBS on hemolysis were determined via hemolytic activity analysis. MTT assay indicated that melittin induced cytotoxic effects in a dose dependent manner on cervical cancer cells and it also revealed dependence on incubation time as well.

Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is one the complications resulting from coronary catheterization and is regarded as one of the reasons of acute kidney failure. Therefore، this study aimed to investigate the effect of ascorbic acid in the prevention of CIN in Yazd in 2012.

This study involves a double blind clinical trial in which 90 Diabetic patients with coronary catheterization have attended. The patients were divided randomly into two groups: control group and treatment group. Demographic and clinical data were collected by a questionnaire. Treatment group received vitamin C (2 grams) 2 hours before the intervention and the control groups were given 2 grams of the Placebo. The GFR (Glomerular filtration rate)، BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)، and Cr (Creatinin) were measured and compared after 2-3 days.

The CIN in treatment group was about 3 patients (7. 7%) and was 7 (16. 7%) in the control group. Thus، no significant difference was observed; though، there was a significant difference between Cr and GFR before and after the treatment in vitamin C group (PV= 0. 006، PV=0. 001)، but these differences were not significant in the placebo group. (PV=0. 661، PV=0. 747). Moreover، considering the participants’ age، sex and their primary function of kidney، a significant difference had not appeared due to the incidence of CIN between the two groups.

Our study did not show Ascorbic Acid effects in prevention of CIN in Diabetic patients.

Cleaning and shaping of the root canal system with an efficient and safe technique are the major goals of root canal treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the conventional root canal preparation technique by hand instruments and Gates Glidden drills with ProTaper Universal Rotary system on the root susceptibility to vertical fracture. Thirty extracted human mandibular premolars were randomly assigned to two groups. In group I، apical preparation was performed with k-files up to #40 utilizing step back technique and coronal flaring was done with Gates Glidden drills. In group II، ProTaper Universal Rotary instruments were used up to the file F4. All teeth were obturated with lateral compaction technique using gutta-percha and AH26 sealer. A simulated periodontal ligament was fabricated، and the teeth were mounted. A stainless steel finger spreader #35 was mounted in an Instron testing machine and the necessary load to cause a root fracture was inserted and recorded. The obtained data were analyzed statistically using T-test. The force required to fracture was significantly lower for the roots prepared by ProTaper instruments in comparison with the specimens prepared by hand instruments and Gates Glidden drills (P< 0. 001). Canal preparation with ProTaper rotary instruments can make the roots more susceptible to vertical fracture than traditional instrumentation with k-files and Gates Glidden drills.

Methotrexate is used increasingly for treatment of some diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis، psoriasis and Crohn. Bone marrow suppression، mucocutaneous lesions، pneumonitis، and hepatotoxicity are major side effects of this drug. Since methotrexate toxicity is dose dependent and is usually administered with low dose via a weekly regimen، its side effects are not commonly seen. But due to long term prescription of this drug over the recent years especially for rheumatoid arthritis، growing cases of methotrexate hepatotoxicity are referred to Gastroenterologist. High dose of drug، high age، alcohol consumption، renal failure and preexisting liver disease are main risk factors for this toxicity. In this study، in addition to presenting two cases with cirrhosis and two cases with hepatitis linked to methotrexate، the clinical aspects on this field are discussed. Methotrexate hepatotoxicity is not a theoretical issue that can be ignored because it can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. We can prevent the onset of this growing side effect with appropriate patient selection and investigating the patients’ liver function before and during Methotrexate therapy. Periodic testing the liver enzymes is used for monitoring the liver condition، but because interpretation of these tests is sometimes difficult، liver biopsy is needed in particular cases.