نشریه نشاء علم
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 3، دی 1390)

The concept of green economy has been introduced and discussed in practical, economic and political circles of the world for several years. Since 2010, three issues of green economy, international environmental governance and biodiversity have been on the agenda of the UN Environment Program. A green economy is a type of economy that can provide a higher quality of life within the constraints of the planet Earth. Such an economy can promote welfare and health in human society and also reduce environmental risks. Green economy means reducing all environmental risks and the production of green products (products compatible with nature) in the process of human life, which results in the health and social vitality of citizens in various societies. One of the ways to achieve sustainable development is the tendency towards a green economy. The transition from a fossil economy to a green economy requires the preparation of conditions and infrastructure and the revision of policies at the national and international levels. In this regard, efforts should be made to achieve a pragmatic convergence and alignment between the agencies in charge of economic development planning and the agencies in charge of environmental and climate planning. The development of the green economy more than ever in the current era of global crises and the damage caused by the excessive consumption of non-renewable energy sources has endangered human health; It is more tangible and its development requirements must be met. Government policies, planning and investment to strengthen renewable energy technologies, green products and knowledge-based human resources training are among the main requirements for the development of a green and sustainable economy that should be considered.

Science is generated by man because of his inquisitive nature and quest to know and be able to predict what happens in our universe. Science does not necessarily focus on practical applications and has no ownership. Technology on the other hand, is aimed at practical and commercially useful applications of science and has patent-protected ownership. From socio-economic perspective, although science and technology share a common base, scientific advancement is a necessary but not sufficient condition for technological advancement of nations. It is well established that successful transformation of science to technology depends on the status of political development of a society. Democracy is the prerequisite to social and economic justice and good governance, free market economy, and open society. Combined, these are the most important guarantor for the movement of societies to technologically advanced conditions and status. Even a cursory review of the socio-political developments of the past 2 decades in Southeast Asia, East Europe and South America provides ample evidence that democratization is the key to technological advancement.

In the past 50 years, researchers have made a remarkable progress in identifying the biological (bacteria, viruses), biochemical (chemical compounds) and biophysical (ionizing radiation) cause of human cancers. The term ˝Cancer˝ refers to 277 forms of cancer diseases. Scientists have discovered the process of cancer formation from a consequence of accumulating multiple mutations in human genome. These genetic disruptions would eventually change the normal pathway of cellular proliferations and differentiation. These genetic alterations are frequently indicative of poor prognosis for most human cancers. Both nonhereditary and hereditary cancers are caused by genetic accidents that change the cellular growth control systems. Genes associated with human cancer formation include four classes of genes: 1. Oncogenes, 2. Tumor suppressor genes, 3. DNA repairing genes, 4. Apoptotic genes. Over activated oncogenes which cause cellular proliferation. In contrast, inactivated tumor suppressor genes lose their inhibitory effect which is crucial to prevent inappropriate growth. DNA repairing proteins fix the damage and apoptotic proteins cause the precancer cell to commit suicide. We have over millions genes in each somatic cell of our body. After sequencing all human genome in 2003, we noticed that Only 23,500 genes are active which encode over 400,000 proteins needed for physiological functions. 99.9% of genome is identical in all humans worldwide. Only 0.1% of the whole genome differ which cause the genetic variations. Up to 93% of all human cancers are non-hereditary and the remaining 7% are hereditary. A wealth of information indicating the potential use of molecular techniques for cancer screening, prognosis and monitoring of the efficacy of anticancer therapies. In recent years, molecular genetics have greatly increased our understanding of the basic mechanisms in cancer development. The essential outcome of these molecular studies is that cancer can be considered as genetic disease of the cells.

Organic food, the food without any drug residues and poisonous materials with therapeutic properties, has been of considerable interest by consumers worldwide. In this context, camel milk is not only considered as a food with high nutritive values but also as a food with therapeutic elements that could be used to assist the patients with some of diseases. These include, the presence of peculiar antibodies that can penetrate into the cancer tissues and the presence of insulin like molecules that could be used to treat diabetes, bioactive peptides that are produced from camel milk protein having antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti hypertension activity as well as similarity of camel milk to human milk. Bovine’s milk allergy is by far the most prevalent food allergy especially in children because of the presence of β-lactoglobulin. Camel milk lacks this protein and is enriched with α lactalbumin such as human milk. These are only a partial list of properties embodied in camel milk which is to truly a divine food.

Accessing to the information in the shortest possible time and with minimum cost is considered to be an important factor influencing the decision making outcome. In recent years, the use of modern, low-cost and fast methods such as remote sensing because of its ability to identify phenomena, have always been considered by experts, managers and decision makers,. Information obtained at the thermal infrared region, help the study of various phenomena for the reason that detection of small change in temperature, may be very effective on identifying certain phenomena and understanding the environment conditions In this paper, we have tried to discuss on the applications of thermal infrared remote sensing such as meteorology, air quality consideration, water quality, geological maps, analyzing of the urban heat island, study of volcanoes, oil pollution consideration, predict the probability of earthquake as well as the applications of thermal imagery in health science. These applications indicate the usefulness and effectiveness of this technology in a society.

In this paper geothermal energy is reviewed as an example of new energies. New energies are consideredto be of high importance because they provide a alternative for fossil fuels. Fossil fuels arenon-renewable, they cause environmental and climate pollution. Increase in world population andthe need for more energy, is another reason to turn to new and renewable energies.In this paper we will discuss the source of geothermal energy and some of its applications. Geothermalresources are typically used directly in applications such as district heating, greenhouses,fisheries, mineral recovery, industrial process heating, snow melting, desalination and heat pumps,as well as using indirectly such as in power plants. In this paper Iceland will be introduced andexemplified as a country highly successful in utilizing new energies; after which our discussionwill focus on regions of Iran which are considered to have high potential for the use of geothermalenergy. Finally we will discuss alternative energies for fossil fuels (new and renewable energies)and describe importance and the advantages of these new energies both in Iran and the world.

Planet earth since its birth has been the main source of supplying the life necessities of mankind. Because of incorrect and ill usage of this resource after industrial revolution and that mainly in their pure raw form, irrecoverable damages have been induced to planet earth. During past two decades, witnessing harmful effects of these ill usage such as rise in atmospheric temperature, biosphere destruction and increase in industrial waste pollution, has induced researcher and policy makers in advanced countries, to make changes in ways they plan for a sustained development and correct management of planet earth resources. The result of this revised thinking and change in economic planning is formation of a movement referred to as green economy. The name “green economy” is in reference to manufacturing of products that are in coherence with nature and living environment, as well as restructuring of commerce and social infrastructure so that while more profit is gained, the amount of CO2 emission and extraction of natural resources are reduced. It’s now necessary that a sustainable development based on green economy be considered as one of the most important strategic guidelines of United Nation towards improvement of the quality of life of future generations.

In 1986 Alfred Nobel founded Nobel Prize with an objective to encourage and motivate scientists and educated people to play a greater role in the improvement of life of human being. The actual award of the prize which started in 1901, is now made every year to top level scientists in five scientific branches of physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and world peace and has played a major role in upgrade of human knowledge. In this paper we will review the area and subject of the research of Nobel laureates in chemistry starting from the first award up to the current time. The Nobel Prize winners of first five countries in chemistry are from United Sates, Germany, England, France and finally Japan. It is noted that during the first years of the award, no winner has been recorded from United States or England. Only after twenty years, the name of scientists from Britain and after 32 years, scientists from United States appear in the list of Nobel Laureates. The fact that Japan is listed among five first countries with Nobel winners, is indicative of the importance given to chemistry in Japan. Despite the minimal share of Japan of total Nobel ranking, Japanese chemists achieved fifth grade position in Nobel chemistry ranking, this may show the importance of the chemistry for Japanese. The share of women from Nobel Prize in Chemistry is four persons (2.5%) and share of Russian chemists is 2%. Another point of significance in Nobel Prize award is the fact that the award is given to those chemists who have moved to biological science and medicine. It can be stated that these scientists during the quarter of century have been able to allocate 40% of the total prizes in chemistry to themselves and have also been able to win numerous Nobel Prize in the field of medicine.

Internet has made it extremely easy to have full access to scientific articles and research results all over the world. Unfortunately, aside its vast advantages, the internet has made scientific plagiarism much easier for the jobbers and this has posed a serious problem these days. In this article, the main reasons for this problem is discussed in which some solution approaches have also been proposed. Moreover, we have given brief guidelines on how to write a research paper or report with respect to ethical issue and considerations.

In this paper, performance of Iranian researchers as shown by the latest information gathered from the scientific data base published by Scopus during the recent years, is examined and compared with those of several neighboring countries in particular with Turkey and some of the advanced countries. The results of this investigation indicates that in 2011, Iran with 34055 scientific documents ranked eighteen world wise while Turkey with 31,150 scientific documents ranked nineteen behind Iran. In 2011, Iran held the first rank in the region in production of scientific documents in accordance with Scopus data base. In addition, when we consider total number of published scientific documents world wise in 2011 in which the ratio of population of each country to the total world population is also taken into consideration, Iran with a ratio of 1 /42 as compared with 1/29 for Turkey, ranked higher and as such is considered to be in a superior scientific position in the region. This position has continued to be maintained in 2012 and has even reached a higher standing.

Technological clusters refer to an integrated entities composed of professionals with expertise knowledge, venture capital, companies with superior know-how and technologies that operate within an appropriate physical organizational set up. They are often located in specific geographical areas within the proximity of universities, science and technology parks and research centers where they are administered with a market oriented management that produce products and provide scientific services. Nowadays, these clusters are considered as a model for science-based economic development and as such economists consider clusters and networks as playing a key role in speedy utilization of innovation where they provide a competitive edge in worldwide competition. In the definition of clusters, factors such as geographic concentration and coherence or similarity of activity areas, specialty and division of functions that lead to inter-group working relationship as well as internal dependencies of technological companies, are emphasized. An important point in connection with economic development of societies that have been able to promote conditions for establishing clusters, is the fact that these developments and advantages gained, are consequence of setting up of such clusters. The most significant advantages include: increase in employment opportunities, knowledge exchanges and as a result, promotion of scientific know-how among companies, upgrade of level of specialty knowledge, strengthening of social communication. The underlying principle is that regional clusters would have the necessary capabilities for promoting successful innovations and providing competitive edges if strong social networks for business and work are facilitated. For this reason, many countries in their policy planning, have concentrated on the promotion and encouragement of innovations and formation of technological clusters suitable to different regions, in order to generate competition and economic development.

Technology Education and its promotion in public education is considered as one of important factors towards development of a country. During recent decades a field of study referred to as technology education, offered at different academic levels including four year college, MA and doctorate levels, has been initiated in developed countries within the context of an interdisciplinary education. As a Scientific and research discipline Technology Education promotes the technological literacy of learners to cope with their needs by manipulating the materials through experimental techniques and innovative approaches. According to psychological researches, technology education as an intelligent discipline organizes the mind of learners through problem solving and creativity promotion skills to impact their surrounding environments. In terms of educational philosophy, technology education beyond its role in development of certain skills is an approach to improve the attitude of learners regarding the reciprocal affects of technology and sociocultural affairs. Technology training as a course offering along with general education is initiated from the preschool and continues to higher education by special technology resources and professional teachers. With the help of technology education, methods of problem solving, innovative approaches and all useful and effective habits and life skills are taught. Technology training whether as a separate discipline or as an integrated with general public education, is enriched with scientific, philosophical and psychological bases. In this paper while describing some of these bases, we try to draw the attention of technology policy makers, curriculum developers and educationalists towards technological training.

Nowadays, computer and internet services are utilized in all fields by different users. However, they are not familiar with facilities as well as with dangers that they may be posed. There are users in cyberspace that may be victims of hackers that are after not only their information but to use their computers to attack other important centers.The users must know that internet worms, cookies, and viruses are rapidly expanding throughout the network, and from among millions of users, at least one may be victimized and help them reach their goals. Thus, it is recommended that before any use of computer, it is necessary that users become familiar with possibilities and dangers of technology they are using. In this paper, we intend to identify different types of insecurities/malwares in cyberspace and describe ways for recognizing a proper security guard by the users. This paper also addresses the methods for upgrading security software.