نشریه نشاء علم
سال سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 5، دی 1391)

Achieving welfare and social health entails various aspects of which social infrastructure for knowledge progress stands atop. Knowledge signifies knowing world’s facts, capability, take advantage and harmony with the world phenomena. This capability will be realized when brings human knowledge of the world as well as welfare and peace in life and attainment of prosperity. This will pave the way to produce wealth out of knowledge through changing knowledge to technology since knowledge is changed to capability as it manifests in form of innovation and technology. However, this needs to be considered that knowledge on its own plays a unique role in sustainable development and overall aspects of the countries. In addition, comprehensive and multi-disciplinary fields’ knowledge based technology together with the economy and green technology can serve human beings to a great extent. Thus, saying “knowledge is power” roots from the fact that human can change phenomena under the aegis of knowledge. Taking advantage of and changing things is what often considered as technology. Knowledge finds value added as and if it empowers human. This change, sometimes called commercialization of knowledge, has to be considered as the goal for both the person and the society. Commercialization enables human to utilize knowledge as wealth and his knowledge and information in form of capital can facilitate his way towards prosperity while meeting his requirements towards excellence. In conclusion, progress model refers to issues including knowledge, economy and green technology and health of the society which need to be included within the body of policies and macro development plans of the country to guarantee a bright future of the country.

In current state of world, promotion of science and scientific activities is intertwined strongly with the progress and advancement of technology. It can be claimed that production, advancement and promotion of science, has its strong impact on all domains of social activities including economic, social and cultural sectors. Fortunately adaptation of policies such as those of initiation of advanced educational programs and expanded training of human resources combined with increase of research funds as well as establishing research centers in support of applied research, has contributed to the production of science in the last two decades to have an accelerating trend causing a sense of optimism for progress during the coming years ahead. Such a trend has made it possible to believe that it will be a reality for Iran to have the first standing position in the region during the coming years, an event which is of high significance for the country stand envisaged for the next twenty year projection. Now that the pace of scientific activities in the country is experiencing accelerating trend, a valid question that is raised is that if this trend does not contribute to the progress in technology, what will be the use and benefit of having first ranking position in the region. It is necessary that basic scientific developments are transferred to applications that are tuned to meet the needs of the society. This in itself requires a suitable platform for its realization. Science policy makers of the society need to devise technology programs encompassing overall societal needs such that scientific activities are channeled towards technology gains and thus resulting in employment, added value activities and superior industrial products and in brief national wealth. In this paper while emphasizing the significance of maintaining the current increasing trend in science production, we will focus on evaluating the country’s rankings in technology using a set of indices and international standards where while emphasizing transfer of science to technology and to national wealth, the main structures facilitating such transfer will be illustrated.

Aim of research evaluating Iranian physics s cientists is to find all the foot prints of this science in our past history. The physical sciences from the past, especially in ancient Iran is limited to few subjects such as: Astrology and astronomy, chronology, science of measurements, optics, mechanics, and physics of sound; and fundamental ideas such as matter, movement, space and time. The presence of about one hundred physics and astronomy scientists is indicative of the extent of scientific activities in our country in this era. Having an account of the biography of these scientists is important, and surely an inspiration to generations to come. Due to freedom and security in cities in Iran and encouragement of Iranian rulers for scientific and research discussions in the end of tenth century and the beginning of eleventh century, first rated scientists emerged. After the tenth century when non-Iranian rulers were in power, freedom in dialogue, discussions and debates were prohibited, and scientists and philosophers were under immense pressure. During Safavieh hard religious rulings, many scientists were forced to immigrate to India and the Ottoman Empire. As a result, scientific activities in the country were dimished. The founding of Darol’fonoon in 1851 is a point of reference in the science history of our country. Presence of the first physics teacher and publication of the first physics book was in Darol’fonoon. Sending off students to Europe and observing the scientific advances after renaissance, awakening of Iranians, founding modern schools, and publication of scientific books, and finnally, establishment of universities are all derivatives of Darol’fonoon. History has shown that whenever security, freedom and prosperity has prevailed in Iran and able rulers have ruled the country, inclination towards science, literature, and the urge to understand the Universe and nature have always been enoremous and hence the result of research and teachings been eye-caching.

Open Access Journals (OAJ) are scientific periodicals which are generically published on-line and can be accessed by readers free of charge. The majority of OAJ, the number of which has increased explosively in the recent years, depends on publication fees they charge from their authors. This dependence is a potential threat to the criticality of refereeing process and hence to the quality of the accepted articles. OAJ, on the one hand, bring the opportunity of a wider, faster and easier access for their readership and the spread of research results and on the other hand, have the threat of low quality papers. In this article we discuss the phenomenon of OAJ, the opportunities and threats associated with them, and the appropriate ways to face this phenomenon in the scientific research in Iran.

In the last two decades, the knowledge production has been evaluated in our country quantitatively. On this base, the contribution of Iran for the knowledge production in the World has been improved from 0.02% in twenty years ago to 1.20% in the last year. Now, the quantitative of knowledge production has been a large measure to be enough for evaluating quantitatively. Evaluation of the quality of knowledge can be drawn in two points of view: Evaluation number and type of global citations to our country publications, and evaluation of journals which have been selected for publishing of our documents. In this article, a number of journals which have been selected for publishing of our documents were reviewed as well as invalid and less valid scientific journals were introduced. This article helps researchers and research programmers to improve the quality of knowledge in our country.

For more than two decades, the unique position of spin-off companies as educational incubators has been recognized to play an effective role in improving survivability and stability of startups, spin-offs and small & medium enterprises (SMEs). These centers provide necessary supportive facilities and significant business assistance for the users by developing appropriate strategies and action plans and as such they improve their business performance and success rate. Successes of university spinoffs guarantee transformation of knowledge to technology where by transferring technology from university to knowledge-based business organizations they are able to induce wealth.In a synergistic mode, it improves basic academic research both qualitatively and quantitatively thus creating emerging and new opportunities for possible entry into areas of high technology. This paper emphasizes on the critical importance of an organized action in exploiting the potentials of university incubators towards the establishment of third generation universities by cultivating and promoting culture of innovation and creativity.

Islamic method of animal slaughtering follows a process in which much of the animal blood from anomal vessels and tissues are removed. As blood contains iron sources and is resilient to infections by pathogenic bacteria. Islamic slaughtering makes the meat resistant to infection after being slaughtered. Killing of animals by other methods such as those of using anesthetic guns as well as electric anesthesia, or means of water bath or gas induced unconsciousness are thought to cause less removal of animal blood. Animal rights advocates believe that in Islamic method of slaughtering, the animals suffer more pain during bleedings,. But the scientific evidences prove that Islamic slaughtering methods of killing animals are less brutal than non-Islamic ones as they are more relieving to animals, where state of unconsciousness occurs immediately only next to the cutting the neck in which the animal does not feel pain. Given the importance of Halal food for Muslims, in this paper we wish to discuss and compare the methods of Halal slaughtering with those of non-Islamic methods.

In this article we present a detailed analysis of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission of Iran in 2010 in different sectors of energy, agriculture, livestock farming, cement industries and municipal waste. Our sources are the Annual Reports of the Energy Ministry and of the Agriculture Ministry of Iran in 2009-2010. A case study of municipal waste disposal procedure in Zanjan and Shahrood, and the ensuing GHG emission. To estimate GHG emissions we have used the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

The “Standard Model’’ is a theory describing the properties and interactions of the elementary particles. Theoretical consistency and proper explanations of the masses of the elementary particles imply that there is a spinless electrically neutral heavy state in nature. This particle, which is called the Higgs, is unstable and decays immediately after production. Its decay takes place via a new kind of interaction whose effect appears only in processes involving the Higgs. Before July 4th, 2012, all the particle content of the Standard Model except the Higgs, were discovered. Recently, the international LHC experiment announced the discovery of a new particle with the characteristics expected for the Higgs particle of the Standard Model of elementary particles. This discovery is considered finding the last piece of the Standard Model which took about a century to shape. In this article, we analyze the role and importance of the Higgs particle for physics of the elementary particles in a simple language.

Twenty-first century is called by many experts as century of science and knowledge. Obviously, advancement in science and technology is one of the principle indecies to be considered for endowments that a country can be proud of. The Science Olympiad considered as a student movement, is held every year in various countries. The main goal for conducting such Olympiads is to identify, absorb, train and support and guide these gifted students. International Olympiad in Mathematics, has been considered as the oldest competition among students world-wise. Indian science Olympiad foundation despite its not so long history, has been able to achieve relatively high performance. American National Olympiads is known to be one of the oldest worldwide Olympiad. This country has been able to maintain and preserve high spirit of research orientation and motivation among students body. The Islamic Republic of Iran, is also ranked as one of the most influential countries participating in international Olympiads. The Olympiad results of recent years confirm the high educational standing, intellectual status and global competitiveness of Iranian students. However, maintaining the current progressive stand requires necessary support, capital investment and planning. This achievement will not be realized unless we identify the challenges and provide necessary expertise solutions towards their realization.

Iranian Association for Popularization of Science aiming for promotion of scientific ideas in cooperation with some of the scientific, cultural and administrative institutions in the country, is honored to hold “The Week of Science Popularization” in current year. The week of 20-26 Aban 1391, Nov 20-26,2012 was welcomed by all people and had a positive impact on the general society. The reason for choosing the month of Aban for the occaision of “the week of promotion of science” is due to its coincidence with “World Science Day for Peace and Development” for which Iranian Association for Popularization of Science held “the Week of Science Popularization” in Aban. History of WSDPD goes back to meeting of world conference on science in1999 in Budapest. Above -mentioned Forum was organized by UNESCO and International Council of Science where in 31th plenary session of UNESCO, it was decided to call a day as “World Science Day for Peace and Development”. This decision stems from its root in UNESCO commitment in “World conference on Science” and where because of this obligation, every year, 10th November (20 ABAN) is called as “World Day of Science for Peace and Development”.