فصلنامه پژوهش های روان شناسی اجتماعی
پیاپی 8 (زمستان 1391)

The aim of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised (SPSI-R) The study was conducted based on survey research, and tools were Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised, Rotter Internal– External Locus Of Control, Rosenberg self-esteem, and Takman Academic Procrastination. Statistical population includes all matematic students of Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch. Among them 334 students were selected through using multi-stage cluster sampling. The SPSI-R had good reliability for all and subscales measured by internal consistency. Construct validity was determined via factor analysis. An exploratory factor extracted a two-factor model. This model was then tested against the theory-driven five-factor model using confirmatory factor analysis. The five-factor model was selected as the found between SPSIR subscales and measures of self-esteem, locus of control, academic procrastination. According to these results SPSI-R is suitable for use in academic environment and for recognizing students’ difficulities in decision making.

Perceived social support has been emphasized as a protective mechanism against the damaging effects of stress-causing (eg effects of exceptional children in the family), and also the beneficial effects on psychological adjustment. The purpose of This Study was to compare the Preceived Social Support in Parents with more than one exceptional children and parents with more than one normal child. in this Ex Post Facto research, 400 parents with exceptional children and 400 parents with normal children (were selected through Random sampling and multi-stage sampling and responded the Multidimensional Social Support Scale (MSPSS, Zymt, 1988). Data analyzed with multivariate analysis of variance showed that there are significant differences in three dimensions of social support (family, friends, important others) between the two parent groups, Results showed that parents of exceptional children received lower scores on the all demensions: familly, friends and others. Results indicate that the birth of exceptional child may affect psychological health of family members.

One element of being socialized in all cultures is social skills or the ability to communicate effectively. Dependence on internet influences on social skills and currently is noted by many researchers and scholars. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between internet dependency and social skills among students. Social skills include initiation and termination, assertiveness, social support, direction, empathy and cooperation. This research employed multi-stage cluster sampling. The participants were 291 undergraduate students of Kangavar Payame Noor University. The instruments were two questionnaires, the first one is related to internet dependency and the second one is relevant to students’ social skills. The data was analyzed by Descriptive statistics and correlation test. The results indicated that there is a relationship between dependence on internet and social skills variables. Dependence on internet had a reverse and significant relationship with initiation and termination, assertiveness, social support, empathy and cooperation. It means that when dependence on internet increases, the social skills will decrease. But there is no meaningful relationship between dependence on internet and direction. In general, Virtual environment reduces social skills

Some times in spite of investment failure (lose of time and money) people insist on endurance of investment failure (representative of gamblers behavior). This phenomenon was known "Sunk Cost". The aim of the current research was to investigate the cause of sunk cost via experimental research. The sample was 180 students of educational science and psychology of university of Isfahan selected randomly. Experimental design was some wignet scenario about incomplete project and ask them to decide about it. It is assumed that prior money allocations with percent increment in cost, the probability of reinvestment was added. Finding via one way ANOVA and second degree and linearal regression analysis show that prior money allocation did not accept as lost, so invest additional resource in the hope of erasing their loses. Results were explained by contribution of to theories, namely: cognitive dissonance and self justification.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of anger control group training, with rational emotive behavior approach on adaptation of male prisoners in shahrekord Central Jail. the design of this study is experimental with pretest-posttest control group. the population was consisted of all male prisoners in shahrekord Central Jail in 1389-90. Sample size, was 40 prisoners who were randomly assigned to two groups, as experimental group and control group. The Bell Adjustment Inventory was administered before training. The Michael Free's protocol of anger control was used for training of the experimental group, one and half hour sessions for 12 weeks. The results of repeated measures revealed that anger management training significantly reduced maladaptive behaviors of prisoners (P< 0/002). A rational behavioral and emotional approach of anger control is affective to increase male prisoners’ adjustment in shahrekord's Central Jail.

Personality traits of individuals can determine their social relations. Aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between personality dimensions and communication skills. Research method was correlational and the statistical population was consisted of all undergraduate students of Shiraz University during the 1390-91 academic year. Sample included 393 students (245 female and 148 male) that were selected based on a multistage random cluster sampling method. Participants completed questionnaire on personality dimensions (Goldberg, 1999) and communication skills (Jerabek, 2004). Data was analyzed by simultaneous sequential multiple regression. Results indicates Extraversion was the positive predictor of emotions regulation and negative predictor of aware of communication process. Neuroticism could predict negatively and significantly understanding verbal and nonverbal messages and emotions regulation. Also agreeableness predicts positively and significantly all communications subskills. Whereas, conscientiousness could predict positively understanding verbal and nonverbal messages and aware of communication process and openness positively predicts understanding verbal and nonverbal messages, emotions regulation and listening. Totally, the findings revealed that each communication subskills are predicted by the different profile of personality traits. In this regard, education authorities including the family and educational institutions can promote communication skills via fostering positive personality dimensions.

This research was carried out with the purpose of Study the simple and multiple relationships of communication skills, Loneliness and self esteem with internet addiction among internet users. The population was all internet centers in Dezful city (N=100). The Sample group consists of 132 users (111male and 21females) who were selected through random multistage method. The research instruments were communication skills (Queendom), Loneliness (UCLA), self esteem (Aysenk, 1976) & internet addiction (IRPS). Analyzing data through person correlation and multiple liner regression (Stepwise and Enter), showed that there was a negative significant simple relationship between communication skills, Loneliness and self esteem with internet addiction. Also there was a significant negative relationship between communicational skills subscales and internet addiction. More results indicated that loneliness and communicational skills can explain. /.34 variant of internet addiction among users. Other results showed that communicational skills subscales (emotional control, insight into communication and assertiveness) can explain. /. 29 variant of internet addiction among users. Findings indicate the importance of psychological variables such as communication skills & loneliness in predicting internet addiction.

Prejudice is a negative attitude toward a group of strangers on a simple process mixture of error and is often based on incomplete information. Formation of collective identity occurs through the process of socialization and communication with groups and social units in society, and can be recognized when people identify themselves as belonging to certain groups. The aim of present study was to determine the relationship between prejudice towards ethnic groups and collective identity among students of shahid Beheshti University. the Method of this study was descriptive-correlational. The population included 3094 students who were studying in academic year of 90-89. 350 studetns were selected through a cluster sampling and answered the researchers made questionnaire and collective identity questionnaire (jaribi and Lohrasbi, 1388). Results showed a significant negative bias in the national and international dimensions (global) of collective identity whereas collective identity positively and significantly correlated with ethnic identity. Results from multivariable regression analysis to predict the Prejudice based on collective identity dimensions showed both international and national identity have a significant negative impact on prejudice. Finally, ethnic identity had a significant positive impact on the prejudice. In general, results show that individuals belonging to Larger groups (national and international) can reduce the amount of prejudice towards ethnic groups in the society.