فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال سوم شماره 4 (زمستان 1390)

The aim of this research was to develop a strategy implementation pattern and to design a strategy map for Sport Organization of Tehran Municipality using balanced scorecard technique. This research was descriptive-field and the qualitative research used in the field of strategic studies was applied. Exploratory interviews and focus groups were two techniques used for data collection. In order to analyze the data, coding and categorizing were used. The population of this study included strategic council members and managers and deputies of Sport Organization of Tehran Municipality (N=20). Research findings consisted of updating organization strategies (16 strategies), determining strategies of every perspective (four strategies for each aspect), adaptation of perspectives with the general goals of the organization (financial support instead of financial perspective and the citizen perspective instead of customer perspective), determining strategic objectives of each strategy (44 strategic objectives), determining measures of each objective (168 measures), determining quantitative targets of each measure (168 quantitative targets), identifying initiatives and programs (205 programs) to implement strategic goals and finally to develop a strategy map and to identify cause and effect relationships in the strategy map of Sport Organization of Tehran Municipality using balanced scorecard technique. By this technique, Sport Organization of Tehran Municipality can eliminate the gap between strategy development and implementation and also reach ideal goals. This organization can also improve health and social welfare of Tehran citizens using goal-oriented programs in the organization.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI), somatotype and body fat percentage (BFP) with lumbar lordosis in cadets. Forthis purpose, 60 healthy male university students (mean age, weight and height: 20.6±0.8 years, 70.4±10.6 kg, and 176.5±7.0 cm respectively) were selected randomly as the sample. The lumbar lordosis angle was measured by Iranian flexible ruler and somatotype and BFP were measured by methods used by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Collective data were analyzed using descriptive and correlation statistics. The results did not indicate a significant relationship between BMI, somatotype and BFP with lumbar lordosis as the coefficients of correlation between BMI, somatotype and BFP with lumbar lordosis were 0.198, -0.049, and 0.068 respectively. Consequently, it seems that the calculation of the mentioned variables cannot be an appropriate indicator to predict the amount of lumbar lordosis angle.

This study aimed at studying the relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction in physical education teachers in Education Organization of Hamedan city. 169 physical education teachers of Hamedan institutes were selected by random and cluster methods as the sample. To collect data, personal information questionnaire, Mowady, Stee and Porter (1979) organizational commitment questionnaire and Visoki and Chrome (1991) job satisfaction questionnaire were used. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation coefficient and statistical t test. The results indicated no significant difference between organizational commitment and job satisfaction of male and female physical education teachers. Also, there was no significant relationship between age, work experience and organizational commitment of physical education teachers. There was no significant relationship between age, work experience and job satisfaction of physical education teachers while there was a negative significant relationship between the level of education and level of organizational commitment as well as between the level of education and level of job satisfaction of physical education teachers. Also, there was a positive significant relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction of both male and female physical education teachers. Therefore, as physical education teachers of Hamedan Education Organization have high levels of organizational commitment and job satisfaction, they work as teachers contrary to financial shortage. Education Organization authorities are expected to take basic measures to eliminate their financial problems.

Obesity syndrome in children and adolescents has been introduced as a major reason for metabolic diseases in adulthood. Excess fat in physical activity has a reverse effect on the performance mechanics and efficiency. However, during adolescence, biological age different from chronological age may influence the process of movement performance. Hence the present study aimed to examine the simultaneous effect of the maturity level and BMI on the indexes of physiological efficiency and training impulse in girls. For this purpose, 80 female students aged between 12 and 17 years old were randomly selected from guidance and high schools. The subjects were divided into two groups of G1 (BMI>85%) and G2 (BMI<85%). Biological age was determined with the method of dental age. To measure physiological efficiency, field tests of sub-maximal and maximal aerobic were used. Training impulse was calculated based on the changes in exercise heart rate. Results showed that the expenditure of oxygen of activity and consumed energy in obese and normal subjects (without intervention of maturation level) were not significantly different. But the changes of training impulse, the energy expenditure index, speed of task and functional capacity in G1 and G2 were significant (p<0.05). Maturity level had an effective only on the speed of task (p<0.05). The interaction between puberty variables and BMI was only significant in the impulse of exercise and the energy expenditure index. It can be concluded that the parameters of BMI and maturation have an effect on the physiological efficiency indexes. But the interaction of these two parameters with physiological indexes has an effect only on training impulse and energy expenditure index. Therefore, special attention of coaches to workload or training impulse can contribute to better performance analysis of adolescent girls.

Sports cooperatives have been considered as an important approach in the process of job creation and their place in the development of job opportunities. Promotion of sports cooperatives is considered as innovation deployment and creation of a new profession in one of the sports subset. Therefore, this study aimed to identify those factors affecting the development of sports cooperatives in Iran. This research was practical based on the aim and the analytical- descriptive method was used in this research. Statistical population of this research included experts of the research offices of cooperative, labor and social affairs general departments of Iran. Statistical sample equaled the population (N=61). A researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 33 measures was designed by a 5-point Likert scale to collect the data. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by sport management professors and some senior experts of cooperative, labor and social affairs general departments. In order to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, Chronbach’s alpha was used (α=0.91). Kolmogorov-Smirnov was used to determine the normality of data and oneway ANOVA to compare factors at α 0.05 by SPSS18 statistical software. The results showed that all of the factors were important in developing sports cooperatives and there was no significant deference among these factors (p=0.123). It can be concluded that the development of sports cooperatives need the following supportive measures including providing special facilities for superior sports cooperatives, eliminating structural barriers such as facilitating bank facilities and the legal process to create cooperative firms and creating a relationship between educational systems and work environment.

The most common symptom in survivors of chemical attacks with mustard agent is pulmonary complications. Few studies have been conducted about the respiratory response to exercise and hematological factors in chemical weapon female victims. This study aimed to examine the effect of eight weeks of selected aerobic exercise on pulmonary function and hematological factors in chemical weapon female victims. 31 chemical weapon female victims with no acute pulmonary disease and no history of participation in physical activities were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups: exercise (mean age 30.7±5.9 years, height 161.1±5.2cm, weight 64.1±7.4 kg) and control (mean age 32.8 ± 6.08 years, height 159.0±3.5cm, weight 69.7±8.4 kg). The resting heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressures at rest were measured and then the initial fasting blood samples were obtained. Spirometry test was used to evaluate some respiratory variables (%FEV1, %MVV, (%75- %25)FEF,% FVC, % FEV1); 6 min. walking test was performed as well. The exercise subjects participated in eight weeks of aerobic training (3 days a week for 40-30 minutes) with the intensity of 45-65% HRR. 24 hours after the last training session, the same measurements were repeated, blood samples were collected and Spirometry test was performed again. The data were analyzed using paired t tests and independent t test (P≤0.05). The results showed that selected aerobic exercise had a significant effect on respiratory variables (% FEV1, % MVV, (%75-%25) % FEF, %FVC, % FEV1) (p≤0.05). Also, no significant difference was found between pretest and posttest in mean hematological factors (WBC- RBC- HB- PLT- HCT). It was concluded that eight weeks of selected aerobic exercise can improve respiratory variables in chemical weapon female victims, but such effect was not observed on their hematological factors.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of goal orientation and perceived motivational climate with sportsmanship orientation indexes. Participants were 366 male athletes (mean age=17.51±2.47) who were selected using cluster random method. The subjects completed Task and Ego Orientation in Sport (TEOSQ), Perceived Motivational Climate (PMCQ) questionnaire and Multidimensional Sportsmanship Orientation Scale (MOSO) respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient showed a positive significant relationship of task orientation and perceived task motivational climate with respecting sport rules and regulations, respecting the opponents, and respecting social conventions (p≤0.01). Regression analysis revealed that perceived task motivational climate was the only predictor of respecting rules and regulations, respecting the opponents, and respecting social conventions (p≤0.01). In conclusion, athletes in a task motivational climate will be more willing to act morally and observe sportsmanship orientation.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of endurance training on rest levels and the response of vistafin and insulin resistance index to acute endurance exercise in diabetic rats. 60 diabetic wistar rats (8-10 months old, 150-170 gr.) were randomly divided into sedentary diabetic control (n=29) and trained diabetic groups (n=31). Diabetes was induced by single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 50 mg/kg BW). The trained rats performed incremental endurance training for 8 weeks, 5 times/week. After 8 weeks, all rats participated in one single bout of acute endurance exercise consisting of running on a treadmill with the velocity of 20m/min, 30 min, %5 inflation. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after the training. The research variables included visfatin, insulin, glucose and the resistance to insulin index. To specify the effect of endurance training on blood factors, the pair t test was used. Additionally, the effect of training on the response of the indexes to acute endurance exercise was determined by analysis of variance with repeated measures (2X2). Results showed that visfatin rest levels did not decrease after endurance training (p=0.895, t=0.037) while these levels significantly reduced (p < 0.001) in response to a bout of acute exercise. Insulin resistance was decreased after 8 weeks endurance training and in response to acute endurance exercise. Also, resistance to insulin significantly reduced after eight weeks (t=0.145, p=0.001). This variable significantly changed in response to acute endurance exercise. Generally, visfatin plasma levels reduced in response to acute exercise in diabetic rats.

Sport tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors in the tourism industry and is a relatively new destination on planning in developing countries and economic reconstruction and social factors in both urban and rural communities have been identified, and as a main component of Sports-related tourism in many countries, an increasing attention in recent years it has been a growth market.The aim of this study tourist's attitude, concerned administrators and managers of cultural heritage - tourism in creating jobs and creating income from tourism in the province's sport. Tools used in this questionnaire are a five-choice Likert. Its validity by experienced teachers, and reliability with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 82/0 was confirmed. Data collected by means of descriptive and inferential statistics using spss software.The results showed that job creation (p = o/35, χ2 = 4/360) and income effects (p = 0/89, χ2 = 1/633) was low in the past due to the sports tourism industry. But the development of the tourism industry creates jobs in the province (p = 0/04, χ2 = 9/740) and income (p = 0/51, χ2 = 5/224) in the future will be confirmed.A comparison study with other studies confirmed that this subject: sport tourism industry in creating employment and income effects in the host region and create infrastructure for development of sports tourism industry is affected.