فصلنامه نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 2، بهار و تابستان 1391)

City is like a living entity، which regenerates constantly by constructing new buildings. With few exceptions، the character of cities have changed over time with the architectural styles fashionable in each period as well as the changing demands for their functionality. Most often، the character is a combination of styles and it is important that this evolution is maintained and the vitality of places can be extended. In fact، city is the result of different historical periods and includes historical loads of various periods; and، contemporary eras are in this process، too. Our constructions will form some parts of the city in future and will cause a layer in this inherited complex، and will make specification and identity of cities and will be an inheritance for posterity.  Although preservation is considered as a major step in revitalization of historic sites and buildings، ironically these sites benefit from being extended. In fact opposing construction of new structures on these sites could mean taking away the liveliness of the city and the long term standing of these sites as a historical place. In contrary، expansion and construction of new buildings on these sites maintains the history of the site to the new era and enrich its history.  New architectural styles and materials are often introduced into the city initially on the periphery and then in empty plots or as replacements for dilapidated buildings. Sometimes، existing buildings are adapted to the new styles. New architecture in an existing setting will set out to copy، mimic، integrate، harmonize with، contrast، juxtapose on or even compete with the existing context. Each situation may necessitate a different approach. However، construction of these new structures on a historic context is a very delicate task which requires well-planned regulations as these new structures link the contemporary architecture to the values and characteristics of the site.  Over the past few centuries a great afford has been carried out، thorough the world and particularity within the central Europe، for design of such regulations and legislations for revitalization and conservation of these sites. This has left a legacy of resolutions، recommendations and charters in this field around the world that are result of experience gained from a variety of approaches in this field in different countries.  In order to achieve a design guideline for new constructions in historic context، the purpose of this paper is review of ideas and theories، agreements and charters associated with the presence of new constructions in historic context. In this paper، we will review the theory of theorists that had more impact on the approaches. We will then look at the details of the agreements between the international bodies that directly or indirectly influenced these regulations and had key roles in their design. At the end، we will set a table which will be based on the approach of any of the agreements، and the evolution of this approach is discussed in international scale.

Religious places are the places for the believers to pray. Holly Qur’an clearly defines these spaces as the places that belong to Allah، and Muslims worship and express their belief there. The word ‘mosque’ is mentioned 28 times in the Holly Qur’an. The overall function of mosques aims to generate harmony، harmony of Muslims with respect to God. Mosques have two integrated purposes of religious and social activities. The religious purpose is to worship God in congregational prayer five times a day. The social purpose is to unite Muslims within the community and strengthen their social relationships. Mosque is a symbol of religion، unity، beliefs، identity، peace، strength، justice and solidarity of Muslims. It promotes collective strength; defines hierarchy and allegiance; resolves conflicts with the community; strives for social cohesion; and imparts restrictions and controls of human behavior. The ideal use of mosques was in traditional Muslim cities. They were used as multi-purpose spaces، serving for prayers، studying Holly Qur’an، making political decisions and solving socio- cultural problems. In those times، mosques had to be equally distributed in the built environment and in proportion to the size of population of various sections in the cities. Building mosques in an equal and proportional distribution provided all inhabitants equal access to the use of the spaces in a mosque. So it seems that in traditional Islamic cities mosques had more important roles; they were able to unify Islamic cities physically، socially and culturally but recently، planning of the cities lack the utilization of this characteristics. The study shows that in recent urban planning and design، religious spaces especially mosques have not been paid proper attention. This article is mainly concerned with the role of religious places and specially mosques in planning and design organization in Islamic cities. The main question here is that whether planners and designers have considered the main role of the religious spaces and mosques in planning and designing of a contemporary city for Muslims or not? It seems that there is no significant attention to religious places in the recently prepared city plans. In order to examine the above hypothesis، the comprehensive plans of five districts of Tehran Municipality (2 th، 3 th، 12th، 17th& 20th regions) were selected as case studies. These parts are located in different parts of the city. To pursue the research; a number of variables were determined and defined. What we found out is that one of the reasons for the decreasing of social interaction and spiritual values in our contemporary cities، is the forgotten role of our religious magnets as a social capital of the society in the planning and designing of our cities. It means that this factor is the one that ought to be under strong consideration in all Muslim communities all over the world.

The purpose is examining factors that promote satisfaction for student in the school.  This research is fundamental both quantitative and qualitative in nature.  In this study، two methods have been used:  a) Survey research methods (survey)  b) Correlation method.  For a multistage cluster sampling method was used. In order to assess the individual''s perspective، creating table of contents based on studies and interviews with architects and experts، will be discussed. According to this table question naive was designed and distributed among the population.  After classifying data using the software SPSS، the analysis is discussed. Five factors were extracted on patient satisfaction. These factors include: physical comfort، perceived environmental، psychological security، environmental attractiveness، sense of belonging. Operating resultant T-test analysis was located. Finally، it was found that 95% of the sample mean is greater than from average. At least 70% percent of the population had an agreement with the agent.

Asbads are a type of windmill with vertical axis which are considered as the oldest windmills in the world. These mills have been constructed in pre-Islamic eras in Sistan and southern part of Khorasan. From a long time ago، Sistan has been considered as the Iran’s store of wheat. Climate and appropriate soil along with the water of big Hirmand River have provided an appropriate situation for agricultural farms and particularly for wheat. As said، Sistan had been known as a wheat store of Iran. 120-day wind of Sistan is a natural feature of Sistan region. In this region، in the second half of warm season، when wheat is being harvested، vigorous winds start to blow. All of these characteristics provide the situation for constructing the Asbads which are considered as a great innovative production. In this regard there are different evidences which show that the oldest windmills are built at the east of Iran and in Sistan area. Main building of Asbad includes a two-storey building in which upper storey is usually open-ended. Moreover half of the building which is subjected to the wind is constructed completely open and the other half is completely enclosed. The part which is behind the wind side is also entirely open. Asbads have had an important role in past people’s livelihood and also is a sample of combination of traditional architecture with the needs of ecology which is considered as eco-friendly energy. Regarding to the Asbads’ unique characteristic، functional and esthetics features، recognizing them is of special importance. The concern in this research is to know how many groups traditional windmills or Asbads in Sistan are divided to، where they spread in Iran and what are the different types of them? More of the Asbads of Iran have been located in east and south-east of Iran where valuable winds blow during the whole year. Different types of 120-day winds blow in north of Sistan and south of Khorasan in second half of warm season. Asbads with traditional and domestic style provide opportunity for residents to utilize renewable energies. Different types of Asbads have spread all over “big Sistan” which are constructed differently according to the circumstances and ability of residents. Due to this fact، some of them have simple and rural forms and the others are more complicated. However، their functions are the same but their sizes and their efficiencies are different. Studies show that we can break Asbads down into the three groups such as simple Asbads، cylinder Asbads and corridor ones.

Nowadays the urban growth pattern of cities is growing dramatically; and current suburbs of cities will form the inseparable components of the main city in the near future. In all cities of world vertical and horizontal urban growth have been one of the most important factors noticed by urban managers and planners. Urban growth is a spatial - structural process that refers to the increased importance of towns and cities as a concentration of population within a particular economy and society. Increase in urban points as quantitative issue shows itself in the forms of increase in population of cities and development in built up area scale. The unorganized physical growth of cities is due to their physical discrete and separate development which is mostly in form of forming individual and separate parts. Hence، analysis of the current physical status، and prediction of the future development of cities due to its influence on the politics and management of city and human resources، is of great importance. Regarding the numerous factors affecting the inharmonic physical urban growth، the present article has investigated the rate of urban horizontal growth from two aspects of area and direction. The research method in this article is analytical- comparative and with respect to the evolution of the physical- spatial pattern of Tabriz metropolitan in the 1956-2006 period. Shannon’s Entropy model is utilized for evaluation of the rate of the urban horizontal growth diversity. In order to use this model first we draw the complete and detailed plan of Tabriz city in concentric buffers with width of one kilometer between years 1956-2006 using Auto Cad software and the physical gravity center of Tabriz city which is the same center of cultural- historical part has been considered as basis for buffering modulation، and Sectoral- Geographical model is used for specification of urban growth directions.. In the next phase center of city gravity has drawn in the form of circle with determined diameter and the center of this circle was considered as basis for modulation of geographical sectors and sectoral buffering in 12 geographic directions. The attained results of analyzing the research findings has shown that the sprawl growth and diversity of inharmonic development has occurred in Tabriz metropolitan. The maximum of this rate has happened on the year 1996 and directions of horizontal urban growth are completely coincided on the margins of main connection corridors of city.

Garden city idea as an important idea had emerged on 19 century. Creating sustainable complexes and having more relationship with natural environment were the main goals which had been defined for this idea. This idea was established in urbanism literature by Howards'' research about creating a balance between city and village living; whereas in east، Garden City as a pure idea has had a metaphysic meaning which is used to create earthy paradise since 16th century. Respect and reverence for water and trees is institutionalized in ancient civilizations of Iran. Iranian people respect trees and water، both separately and in composite forms as gardens، which have been a well-known cultural value both before and after Islam. The oldest Persian garden that have been discovered dates back to the Achaemenid Empire and the quadripartite gardens (charbagh) of Pasargadae. By studying about existent historic gardens، Persian Gardens are divided into different types. The way people use special physical and functional features could also be used as a scale of this division. In Persian Garden category، Garden City has been defined as a well-known model for designing particular gardens in city scale. According to this model، gardens have used sacred and soft spaces as a combination of hard and heavenly، for defining body structure and the development of the city textures. In advanced (pre- designed) samples، the entire city has been formed as a big garden; composed of a set of small gardens with many symbolic features، such as pavilions and water ponds، as seen in the Persian Charbagh Garden. During Safavid dynasty، Isfahan، as the largest Persian garden city، had been supported by a green major axis; which is the so called Charbagh that has been remained as a green heritage so far. Gardens and trees were the most important natural and architectural elements in Isfahan''s cityscape at that period. These elements usually have been considered as the traditional identity of the garden city; hence their sustainability had a key role in preserving the structures. Therefore، Designers manufactured particular urban infrastructures to provide useful irrigation system. They had to construct the channels that branched off from the central river of Isfahan (Zayandehrood) and made the water accessible all around the city. First section of this paper is about Safavid Garden City origin. This subject was studied from the politics and governance points of views. In the following، Howard''s Garden City origin has been studied. It has formed according to the special Utopias، which had relationships with that time''s believes. In addition، some principles of Safavid Garden City have been compared to Howard''s. The special study has been done about Intellectual origins which have influenced these Garden Cities creation. In conclusion، the comparison of Howard and Safavid Garden Cities shows that these ideas had been developed based on the worldview and vision of creative Iranians during Safavid dynasty and in 19th century. Moreover، the special methods of plantation، the quality of social relationships and economic similarities were the main differences between these two Garden Cities.

Natural Resources are a life source and very valuable which have left for humanity to cherish. Irresponsible use of these resources can lead to Irreversible effects on the environment and life. Hereon، the soil is one of the valuable elements that taking care of it، is essential for durability like other elements. The soil of our planet is a result of millions of years of geological evolutions. Soil resources are irreversible and Excessive consuming of them Cause to loss of natural resources. Hence، soil conservation is very important and necessary. One of the most influential parameters on the quality of soil resources is in the field of architecture and construction. In this article we will discuss about brick، a most popular component made of soil which is used for building. Also the effects of using brick on the land quality and soil resources of Tehran have been discussed as well as environmental aspects. In this study، Tehran as the capital city of the Islamic Republic of Iran is chosen as case study in which more than eight million people reside in its metropolitan area. It is assumed that results from the analysis of soil resource challenges in Tehran could also be applicable to other large cities in developing countries. Even though using the brick is important to Iranian architecture it can also destroy the equilibrium of the environment because of the Excessive consumption of soil. The questions of this research are: 1. which damages can be followed by the use of brick in the construction industry? 2. Which advantages and Opportunities is caused by uses of bricks? To answer the research questions، the case study research method with combination strategies has been adopted. The technique used for collecting data is field survey، in which the quantitative data is chosen. The information and theoretical literature is based on studies، which is collected by the library method and Interview from Bricks manufacturers. Processing data is accomplished by graphs and illative methods. Our Research shows that environmental aspects of brick’s products in Tehran is very serious. In addition، industrial wastes without proper management، building waste and irregular construction especially in border of cities، has brought considerable risks for the environment of Tehran. While the using brick accurately، reduce damages on environment and natural resources in three period of time: manufacturing، consuming and post consuming. One of the most usable strategies to control environmental issues، is recycling and reusing of materials that the brick has high capacity in this context. Thereupon it can be appropriate opportunity for environment.