فصلنامه مطالعات فرهنگی اجتماعی خراسان
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 21، پاییز 1390)

The poems in the passion play, as a part of story literature, are significant and worth considering. One of the characteristics of the Passion play which has been considered and examined a little is the lingual and literary features of passion play anthologies. This paper tries to examine the poetry of the passion play through content analysis. The results of the study reveal that the anthology of Sarkhong village has special lingual and literary significance compared with similar anthologies. In this anthology, the number of the poetical meters used in the melody is 22 which helps to the variety of tones by reciters. The most important characteristic of "passion play" are the use of slang words and combinations, Arabic words and expressions, ironical combinations and interpretations, and tendency towards antiquity. The literary significance of "passion play" is both due to ' literal graces and internal music ', which is manifested in various ways through repetition, and the application of semantic graces such as contradiction, exaggeration, allusion, proverbial quotation, and the beautiful use of imaginative figures such as different similes and metaphors that add to its literary riches.

Having a lot of population and increasing of the role of the youth in the cultural, social, economical, political, and technological fields has attracted a lot of attention of the researchers and planners. As a result, multilateral endeavour to the youth affairs, as an extra-sectional and national matter, requires understanding their needs and problems more than anything else. From such a point of view, the aim of the present study was to identify the youth's problems and needs on the basis of the trends in the national document for the youth in the twenty-year perspective and the country's five year social, economical, and cultural plans with a personality outlook. The method of the study was a descriptive-analytical one and the population under study were all the youth aged 15-29 of the cities in South Khorasan, which numbered 216389. Then, regarding Morgan table 2762 of the youth were selected through cluster-sampling. After handing out the questionnaires, 1685 cases were chosen as the basis for analysis. The questionnaire applied was a researcher-designed one, whose validity had been approved by specialists and enforcing their corrective viewpoints, it had 33 items. Reliability of the questionnaire was calculated 83% according to Kranbach. In order to analyse the obtained data descriptive statistics (central index and index of dispersion) and inference statistical method of T-test with the comparison of the average with a specific value were used. The results showed that the need of the youth is evident in the index "religious character", as it was among the most significant problems "to eliminate the wretchedness of doing wrong from the community". As far as national character was concerned, the results showed a high level such as "resistance to the aggression of enemies against homeland" and "honour of being Iranian", which were among the things emphasized by the youth. Regarding "individual" character, the results define its significance based on the average obtained.

Identifying regional characteristics and capabilities is one of the most important factors to optimize energy consumption in architecture. The aim of this paper is to define features and regional elements of South Khorasan to understand capabilities and regional capacities to offer practical solutions to the architecture for dry areas. The methodology of the present study is an applied one and data collection is predicative. The analysis used is descriptive-analytic. Besides, in this paper using the synoptic weather stations of the province temperature Zonation, radioactive and potential wind blowing by means of interpolation were attempted; all done in Arc GIS 9.3 software. The results of the study show the suitable potentialities in the fields of radiation, temperature, wind and unused potentialities in these fields. This can be used in the architecture coordinated with the region to produce new energies and recoverable ones.

In spite of ever-increasing need of rural communities to use modern technology in agriculture and cattle affairs, the acceptance of these technologies by villagers is very little. Nowadays, the management of agricultural sources in many of the world countries is at the hands of managers already trained in western countries. Thus, the acquaintance of these managers with cultural and environmental roots of local systems of source management will prevent following failures to a large extent. So it is necessary for rural development executives, as individuals having a role in rural development, to pay attention to local knowledge which is coordinated with rural structures; so that by matching this knowledge with new conditions they can take effective steps to develop rural affairs. The present paper tries to study the local knowledge of the people of Hardeng district of Khoosf city in South Khorasan in breeding cattle such as goats, sheep, and hens, which are among the main factors in these people's lives, by the enforced qualitative method "i.e. participial and applicable method". The results of this study indicate the high richness of local knowledge in breeding the above cattle, which can be a factor in increasing cattle products in the province.

One of the issues in social history and economy, particularly in local history research, is the situation of roads and trade routes. Roads have an important role in business dealings, scientific and cultural exchange, and civilization prosperity. Various factors have affected the situation of relationship roads during the 13th and 14th Hejri centuries (Qujar and Pahlavi eras), and following this the cities which were situated on the route developed because of these factors. In the present paper, first some generalization is given about the situation of roads and transportation of Persia during the 13th and 14th Hejri centuries; then, the position of Birjand concerning relationship routes is assessed. In this assessment the role of internal factors influential in the flourish and improvement of roads in the region is examined through reference to the measures of local rulers. The effect of external factors, too, is also revealed through their reports and measures; and their direct, and sometimes indirect interference, in the region.

Natural and regional peculiarities of South Khorasan have provided a basis for the growth of some medicinal herbs in the deserts of the area. Herbs such as Sweet Asa, Asafetida, Mountain Caraway, and products like these, have been among exporting items of the country in the past for various reasons. Archival documents, especially official correspondence of the era of the first Pahlavi, indicates the attention of the government to planting, harvesting, and exchange of these products. Dispatching of various governmental directives reveals the requirement of proclaiming the stock of these products to the government by merchants, their obligation to have a permit to carry and sell these, serious governmental supervision, and controlling policies of the government on these items. In the present paper, while surveying the documents, the significance of these products and governmental rules about medicinal and industrial herbs and the reasons behind them have been examined.

A significant part of the population of Ghayenat during Quajar era consisted of families; such as Bohluli, Nakhaei, Anani, and Dulakeh; which were among the most important tribal groups of Ghayenat. These families, which had a strong composition, had a significant role in the military structure of the area. Each family of Ghayenat participated in the military affairs with respect to the number of men who had the strength of carrying weapons. Families mostly formed the Partizan forces and proclaimers (Iljar) who were summoned for special situations. Moreover, after the establishment of security force a new responsibility fell on the families and, thus, they played an important role in the security of the area. The warriors of Ghayenat families were at the disposal of the British forces for some time during World WarI. In this paper the way of formation of proclaimers (Iljars) in Ghayenat, the number of their forces, how new forces were prepared, how the salaries and the wages of proclaimers was paid, the role of families in the security forces, military exemptions for families, the policy of distributing weapons among family chiefs, the composition of the family forces in the proclaimers and security forces, and the way of employing of families by strangers are studied.