فهرست مطالب

مطالعات و پژوهش های شهری و منطقه ای - پیاپی 16 (بهار 1392)

فصلنامه مطالعات و پژوهش های شهری و منطقه ای
پیاپی 16 (بهار 1392)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1392/03/16
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • مسعود تقوایی، رعنا شیخ بیگلو* صفحات 1-22

    تاکنون روش های متعدد و متنوعی برای ارزیابی گزینه ها ارائه شده است که برخی از این روش ها مانند روش های تاکسونومی عددی، موریس، TOPSIS و غیره در مطالعات جغرافیایی جهت ارزیابی و رتبه بندی سطح توسعه یافتگی سکونتگاه ها مقبولیت عام یافته و به طور مکرر مورد استفاده قرار گرفته اند؛ در حالی که نکات ضعف و محدودیت های این روش ها کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. پژوهش حاضر با رویکردی تحلیلی به تبیین مهم ترین نقایص روش های متداول در زمینه سنجش سطح توسعه یافتگی سکونتگاه ها پرداخته و با تاکید بر این نقایص و تلاش در جهت رفع آنها، مدل جدیدی به نام مدل RALSPI ابداع و معرفی نموده است. در این مطالعه، فرایند ارزیابی گزینه ها در مدل مذکور به تفصیل ذکر شده و مزیت های آن بر سایر روش های مرسوم سنجش سطح توسعه بیان گردیده و در نهایت، سطح توسعه یافتگی شهرستان های ایران با استفاده از این مدل تعیین شده است.

    کلیدواژگان: ارزیابی گزینه ها، سنجش سطح توسعه یافتگی، تصمیم گیری چندشاخصه، مدل RALSPI، ایران
  • قاسم جوادی، محمد طالعی، محمد کریمی صفحات 23-46
    طی چند دهه گذشته توسعه اختلاط کاربری ها، به الگوی برنامه ریزی مکانی مهم در کشورهای پیشرفته تبدیل شده است. نحوه قرار گیری کاربری های شهری، تاثیر بسزایی در سطح کیفیت زندگی و کارایی خدمات مربوط به کاربری های مختلف دارد. در این تحقیق به بررسی روش های مختلف ارزیابی میزان تنوع اختلاط کاربری های شهری، به کمک GIS پرداخته شده است و ضمن مشخص نمودن نقاط ضعف و قوت آن ها، یک روش نوین برای ارزیابی تنوع و گوناگونی اختلاط کاربری های شهری معرفی و پیشنهاد شده است. در این پژوهش از روش های مختلف به منظور ارزیابی شاخص تنوع، برای بعد افق در مقیاس محلات و نواحی شهری در منطقه هفت شهرداری تهران استفاده شده است. تحلیل عملی روش های ارائه شده، حاکی از توانایی روش های پیشنهاد شده برای ارزیابی میزان تنوع اختلاط کاربری ها در محدوده مورد مطالعه است. با توجه به نتایج حاصله، شاخص های HH و آنتروپی برای ارزیابی تنوع اختلاط کاربری های شهری برای بیش از دو نوع کاربری و مجموعه شاخص های (A0.1، A0.5، A0.9) Atkinson به منظور ارزیابی تنوع اختلاط کاربری های شهری برای دو نوع کاربری پیشنهاد می گردد. یافته های حاصل از اجرای مدل در محدوده مطالعه موردی حاکی از آن است که، در سطح نواحی شهری، ناحیه پنج و در سطح محلات، محله های دبستان، خاقانی، امجدیه و کاج در بهترین وضعیت از نظر تنوع اختلاط کاربری های شهری بین دو نوع کاربری (مسکونی و غیر مسکونی) قرار دارند، همچنین از نظر تنوع اختلاط کاربری های شهری در بیش از دو نوع کاربری در سطح نواحی شهری، نواحی پنج و چهار و در سطح محلات، محله های امجدیه، دبستان، خاقانی و کاج در وضعیت بهتری قرار دارند.
    کلیدواژگان: اختلاط کاربری، تنوع کاربری ها، برنامه ریزی شهری، سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی، ارزیابی کاربری
  • مجتبی رفیعیان، مهران محمودی، سیاوش شایان صفحات 47-64
    رود- دره های شهری یکی از عوامل مهم در شکل گیری تحولات ساختاری و عملکردی شهرها به شمار می روند. در این کریدورهای طبیعی، علاوه بر جریان دایمی یا فصلی آب، ارزش های بصری و طبیعی و نیز در کنار آن الگوی فعالیتی /عملکردی متفاوتی (در قالب عملکردهای تفریحی-توریستی، اقتصادی و حتی در مواردی زندگی انسانی) وجود دارد. در نظریات معطوف به توسعه پایدار شهری، بهره گیری مناسب از این نواحی در چارچوب تدوین طرح های مناطق حساس و حیاتی شهری در دستور کار نهادهای مسئول شهری قرار گرفته است. گسترش سریع شهر تهران در سال های اخیر و افزایش رشد شهرنشینی موجب کاهش ارزش های محیطی و ایجاد برنامه های توسعه گسترده بدون در نظر داشتن ملاحظات زیست محیطی شده است. این گرایش موجب برهم خوردن تعادل زیست محیطی در شهر و به ویژه مناطق حساس آن شده است. با توجه به این موضوع، برنامه ریزی کاربری اراضی شهری در این محیط ها و الزامات خاص موجود در آنها بسیار اهمیت پیدا می کند. در این مقاله، تلاش شده است با بهره گیری از چارچوب نظریه مناطق حساس شهری و با استفاده از مدل AHP، سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) و نیز با توجه به رویکرد حفاظت محور، فرآیند برنامه ریزی کاربری اراضی رود- دره فرحزاد مورد توجه قرار گیرد. نتایج نشان می دهد که حدود 77 درصد از اراضی این رود-دره در محدوده هایی با درجه حفاظت بالا قرار گرفته اند و باید از اشغال مناطق مسکونی آزاد شوند و کاربری های مناسب با ارزش های محیطی (نظیر کاربری های فراغتی و یا تفریحی) جایگزین آنها شود. در نهایت، با توجه به تحلیل های مکانی حاصل از پژوهش به ارائه سیاست های خرد و کلان و نیز راهبردهایی جهت دستیابی به اهداف حفاظتی رود- دره توجه شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: برنامه ریزی توسعه شهری، برنامه ریزی کاربری اراضی، مناطق حساس شهری، رود دره فرحزاد
  • محمد سلطان حسینی، مهدی سلیمی، منصوره سلیمی، مجتبی لطفی صفحات 65-88
    اماکن ورزشی به عنوان یکی از مهمترین کاربری های عمومی شهری بر محیط پیرامون خود اثرگذارند که در این میان می توان از اثرات اجتماعی و اقتصادی به عنوان مهمترین این اثرات نام برد. بنابراین، پژوهش حاضر سعی بر شناسایی، ارزیابی و اولویت بندی اثرات اجتماعی و اقتصادی اماکن ورزشی بر محیط شهری دارد. به همین منظور، ابتدا با جستجو در مقالات و منابع معتبر علمی و همچنین بحث و تبادل نظر با اساتید برجسته به شناسایی آثار اقتصادی و اجتماعی اماکن ورزشی بر محیط شهری اقدام گردید. ابزار پژوهش را دو پرسشنامه شامل مقایسه زوجی (شامل 57 سوال در 2 بخش) به منظور تعیین ورودی روش AHP و پرسشنامه ای با طیف لیکرت (شامل 18 سوال در 2 بخش) به منظور تعیین ورودی دو روش SAW و TOPSIS، تشکیل دادند که به منظور جمع آوری اطلاعات در اختیار 162 نفر از افراد نمونه (53 نفر از روسای هیات های ورزشی، کارشناسان ارشد اداره تربیت بدنی و مسئولان ورزشگاه های منتخب، 14 نفر از مسئولان نیروی انتظامی، 12 نفر از مشاوران املاک و 83 نفر از مردم ساکن در اطراف 5 مکان ورزشی که با شرایط خاصی انتخاب شده بودند) در شهر یزد قرار گرفتند. پس از جمع آوری اطلاعات لازم و اولویت بندی آثار شناسایی شده (به وسیله سه روش AHP، TOPSIS، SAW) و همچنین تحلیل اطلاعات بر اساس آزمون t تک نمونه (One Sample T-Test) مشخص گردید که در میان گویه های اثرات اجتماعی، اماکن ورزشی به ترتیب موجب افزایش گرایش اهالی منطقه به تماشای مسابقات، افزایش گرایش اهالی منطقه به ورزش، افزایش شادابی و نشاط در اهالی منطقه و افزایش همکاری های جمعی و ورزشی شده اند، ولی در مجموع متغیرهای اجتماعی، اگر چه میانگین نظرات بزرگتر از سطح متوسط بود ولی این اختلاف معنادار نبود. به علاوه دیگر نتایج پژوهش حاکی از آن بود که اماکن ورزشی بر مجموع متغیرهای اقتصادی و همچنین بر هیچ یک از مولفه های آن اثرگذار نبودند.
    کلیدواژگان: اماکن ورزشی، اثرات اجتماعی، اثرات اقتصادی، محیط شهری
  • جمال محمدی، ملیحه ایزدی * صفحات 89-104

    هدف از این پژوهش، تعیین و تحلیل سطح توسعه فرهنگی و نابرابری ناحیه ای مناطق شهری اصفهان با استفاده از تکنیک تحلیل عاملی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش، 14منطقه شهرداری اصفهان است. رویکرد حاکم بر این پژوهش «توصیفی-کمی و تحلیلی» است. در این پژوهش 35 شاخص با روش تحلیل عاملی خلاصه شده و به 5 عامل تقلیل یافته و به صورت ترکیبی در عوامل معنی دار ارایه گردیده اند. با بهره گیری از تکنیک مزبور سهم عوامل تاثیرگذار در توسعه ی فرهنگی مناطق مشخص گردید. بدین صورت که هر یک از شاخص های بار گذاری شده در عامل ها مشخص و با استفاده از امتیاز عاملی مناطق رتبه بندی شده است و در نهایت، براساس رتبه عامل ها، مناطق در پنج سطح مشخص شده است. یافته های پژوهش حاکی از آن است که این پنج عامل، روی هم رفته11/93 درصد از واریانس را محاسبه و تبیین می کنند. عامل اول به تنهایی 12/53 درصد و عوامل بعدی به ترتیب 22/17، 11، 38/4 و 38/4 درصد از واریانس را محاسبه و توضیح می دهند. در این صورت توزیع امکانات و فضاهای فرهنگی در بین مناطق متعادل نیست.

    کلیدواژگان: تحلیل فضایی، توسعه، توسعه فرهنگی، تکنیک تحلیل عاملی، شهر اصفهان
  • ولی الله ربیعی فر، کرامت الله زیاری، غلامرضا حقیقت نایینی صفحات 105-130
    مشکلات زیست محیطی یکی از اساسی ترین مسائل شهر امروزی و حاصل تعارض و تقابل آنها با محیط طبیعی است. با گسترش شهرها، مظاهر و ارزش های محیط طبیعی در معرض نابودی بیشتر قرار گرفته است. شهرها با مسائل متعدد زیست محیطی و در نتیجه بروز انواع آلودگی های زیست محیطی، تخریب منابع و کاهش فضاهای طبیعی روبرو شده اند. در این میان شهر زنجان هم به عنوان یکی از شهرهای مهم شمال غرب کشور با مسائل زیست محیطی بسیاری از جمله؛ تکمیل نبودن سیستم دفع فاضلاب شهری، توسعه فیزیکی شهر و در مقابل تخریب و از بین رفتن باغ ها و اراضی کشاورزی و آلودگی شدید رودخانه زنجان چایی به علت سرریز تصفیه خانه های صنایع فاضلاب شهری و کشتار گاه های شهرداری به آن و... گریبانگیر است. در این مقاله، ساختار زیست محیطی شهر زنجان با استفاده از تکنیک SWOT در چهار مرحله مورد ارزیابی و تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته است. نتایج یافته ها نشان می دهد که کل امتیاز وزن دار جدول ماتریس عوامل داخلی 2.64 و در جدول ماتریس عوامل خارجی 36/2 است. که عدد حاصله پایین تر از میانگین بوده، در واقع از قوت ها و فرصت های به دست آمده به درستی در جهت غلبه بر ضعف ها و تهدیدها استفاده نشده است و ضعف ها بر قوت ها و تهدیدها بر فرصت ها غالب هستند. و نوع استراتژی حاصل شده، استراتژیی تنوعی(اقتضایی) است. و در پایان برای رفع مسائل موجود، راهبردها بر اساس ماتریس QSPM اولویت بندی و پیشنهاد شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: محیط زیست، توسعه پایدار، تکنیک SWOT، شهر زنجان
  • ابوالفضل قنبری، میثم صفرپور، قهرمان کرد صفحات 131-144
    رشد روزافزون جمعیت و به تبع آن توسعه شهری باعث ایجاد تغییراتی در جابجایی انسان و کالا در سطح شهر می شود که گاهی این تغییرات از نظر ساختاری با سیستم موجود در شهر خوانایی ندارند. سیستم BRT یکی از اشکال حمل و نقل توده ای است که در راستای حل مشکل ترافیک و حرکت به سمت توسعه پایدار شهری طراحی و اجرا شده است. در این مسیر برنامه ریزان و سیاستگذاران همچنان به سرمایه گذاری در شبکه حمل و نقل و متراکم سازی اراضی، فارغ از اثرات وسیع اقتصادی- اجتماعی بر سیستم شهر، علاقه نشان می دهند. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی و ارزیابی اثرات سیستم BRT بر کاربری های تجاری حاشیه خیابان در شهر تبریز از فلکه دانشگاه تا چهارراه شریعتی انجام پذیرفت هاست. روش پژوهش اسنادی و میدانی است و داده ها به صورت پیمایشی از طریق پرسشنامه و مصاحبه با کسبه و بازاریان جمع آوری شده است. سپس با استفاده از نرم افزرارهای ACCESS و SPSS تجزیه و تحلیل و پردازش اطلاعات صورت گرفته و در نهایت با وارد کردن داده ها به محیط GIS، از طریق ماژول زمین آمار (Geo Statical)، نمودارهای مکانی داده ها ترسیم و نقشه های خروجی برای سهولت تجزیه و تحلیل بصری آماده شده اند. بر اساس نتایجی که از تحقیق حاضر به دست آمده است؛ سوای رکود بازار و مشکلات اقتصادی، تاثیرات سوء خطوط BRT بر کاربری های تجاری به خصوص در قیمت سرقفلی ها و اجاره بها و تعداد مراجعه کنندگان به مغازه ها و فروشگاه ها به طور چشمگیری نمایان است که البته اثرات سوء بر کاربری های تجاری قسمت شمالی نسبت به کاربری های جنوبی ملموس تر است.
    کلیدواژگان: BRT، اثرات اقتصادی، کاربری های تجاری، تبریز
  • ویکتوریا عزتیان، سادات هاشمی نسب صفحات 145-160
    حوادث بحرانی سال های اخیر در خصوص افزایش میزان آلاینده های جوی، ضرورت شناخت بیشتر علل وقوع این حوادث را مطرح ساخته است. افزایش میزان آلاینده ها از سطوح مجاز در سطح کوتاه مدت و بلند مدت بر محیط زیست اثر گذار بوده به طوری که اثرات کوتاه مدت آلودگی هوا به صورت بروز و تشدید بیماری های چشمی، تنفسی، ریوی، سرطان و... ظاهر می شود. اثرات بلند مدت آلودگی هوا به صورت تاثیر بر نقشه ژنیتکی بدن جانداران، میزان هوش و فیزیولوژی بدن ظاهر می شود. هوای آلوده، آب و خاک را آلوده ساخته و آبزیان و گیاهان را نیز تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد که این مواد با قرارگیری در زنجیره غذایی انسان از این طریق نیز آسیب رسانی می نمایند. در این پژوهش با استفاده از داده های آب و هوایی که در ایستگاه هواشناسی همدیدی اصفهان اندازه گیری می شوند و مقادیر آلاینده های سطح زمین که توسط ایستگاه های سنجش آلاینده های سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست اندازه گیری می شوند یک مدل آماری ارائه می شود که قادر به برآورد مقادیر قابل قبولی از ازن سطحی باشد. بررسی های صورت گرفته در این پژوهش نشان داد معادله ای که از دو متغیر توان دوم تابش آفتاب و توان دوم غلظت گاز منوکسید کربن بهره گرفته بود توانست توجیه گر 35% تغییرات غلظت ازن سطحی در طول روز باشد. اگر چه مدل های رگرسیونی چند متغیره توان قابل توجهی برای توجیه تغییرات ازن سطحی و پیش بینی غلظت آن دارند، اما تعدد متغیرهای ورودی آنها موجب می شود که این مدل ها از دیدگاه کاربردی چندان مفید نباشند.
    کلیدواژگان: آلاینده ثانویه، مدل آماری، ازن سطحی، پهنه بندی
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  • M. Taghvaei, R. Sheykh Beygloo Pages 1-22
    Introduction

    In this paper، Ranking Alternatives by Limiting Substitution Possibilities of Indicators (RALSPI) method is proposed as a Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method. Many MCDM methods have been developed over the years، but little is known about their shortcomings on similar problems. This study explores the main faults of some of the classical MCDM methods including SAW، TOPSIS، AHP، LINMAP، Numerical Taxonomy and Morris. The rationale for such selection has been that most of these are among the most popular and widely used methods in regional studies of classifying the development level of settlements، and each method reflects a different approach to solve MCDM problems. The RALSPI method resolves significant shortcomings of these methods. Theoretical bases: The typical MCDM problem is concerned with the task of ranking a finite number of decision alternatives، each of which is explicitly described in terms of different characteristics (also often called attributes، decision criteria، or objectives) which have to be taken into account simultaneously. MCDM plays a critical role in many real-life problems; it is hard to accept an MCDM method as being accurate all the time (Wang and Triantaphyllou، 2008). Several methods have been proposed for solving MCDM problems. The major criticism of MCDM methods is that different techniques may yield different results when applied to the same problem، apparently under the same assumptions and by a single DM (Zanakis et al.، 1998). Voogd (1983) found that، at least 40% of the time، each technique produced a different result from any other technique. Practitioners seem to prefer simple and transparent methods (Hobbs et al.، 1992). According to Hobbs et al. (1992) a good experiment should satisfy the following conditions: Compare methods that are widely used، represent divergent philosophies of decision making or claimed to represent important methodological improvements.

    Discussion

    The efficiency of a method is not merely a function of the theory supporting it or how rigorous it is mathematically speaking. The other aspects which are also very important، relate to its ease of using، user understanding and faith in the results، and method reliability (Hobbs et al.، 1992). This section presents a new systematic MCDM approach، RALSPI، for evaluating and ranking alternatives. In fact، the RALSPI is a systematic method for decision problems with many criteria and alternatives. The algorithm for the proposed approach will be developed in eight steps. In this method، decisional process is decomposed into a hierarchy of criteria clusters، criteria، and alternatives. The RALSPI procedure is as follows: (In the RALSPI method، the decision matrix and the weight vector w are given as crisp values a priori.

    Keywords: Evaluating alternatives, Assessment of development level, Multiple Criteria Decision Making, RALSPI model, Iran
  • Gh. Javadi, M. Taleai, M. Karimi Pages 23-46
    Introduction
    Methods of zoning and land use allocation are experienced in the history of urbanism and its weak and strong points are clearly investigated. In spite of some advantages، this kind of spatial planning has its own disadvantages. New ideas of urbanism support the viewpoint of mixed land use and consider it as the key element for urban sustainability. In recent decades، mixed land use is introduced as a key element in Transit Oriented Development، Traditional Neighborhood Development، smart growth and new urbanism. Mixed land use means every combination of land uses that can be vertically، horizontally or time combined with each other. The concept of mixed land use from the viewpoint of spatial planners is an important tool to achieve sustainable development. In order to evaluate the presented model from the viewpoint of mixed land use، a proper spatial criteria and an evaluation method is required. In this study، many methods of evaluation of versatile criteria and a positional criterion for evaluating mixed land use are investigated. Then، a Geographic Information system is used as a powerful means of analyzing and administrating the spatial data. The method in this paper is applied for the horizontal dimension in the 7th regional municipality of Tehran city. Theoretical bases: Evaluation criteria for mixed land use can be categorized based on different concepts. With respect to effective factors in mixed land use (four dimensions: Horizontal، vertical، shared premises and time dimensions، land uses، Geographic scale and spatial criteria)، this procedure is a very complex issue. Compositional pattern of land use mixture is a method to determine spatial assimilation of land development and is very important in the study of mixed land use. To evaluate mixed land use model، this criterion is divided into Evenness and Diversity and clustering. In this study، the aim of criteria evaluation is to determine the diversity of urban mixed land use via GIS.
    Discussion
    To evaluate the results of distribution pattern (diversity) of urban mixed land use via GIS in the mentioned region، according to the conceptual model of Mixed Land Use، this analysis based on the diversity index is done for the 7th region of Tehran city.
    Conclusion
    Urban land use planning deals with how to assign different land use to Land. Over the past few decades mixed land uses development become a model for urban planning، and due to social، economic and environment benefits has been well received in the advanced countries. In this study، Identify the strengths and weaknesses of indicators of diversity in MLU، the proposed indicators for the horizontal dimension urban neighborhoods and districts in the 7th regional municipality of Tehran city will implement. Practical analysis of indicators for the analysis presented above in the study area، indicating the ability of the proposed indicators to evaluate the MLU diversity in the study area.
    Keywords: Mixed land uses, diversity of land uses, urban planning, GIS, land use evaluation
  • M. Rafieian, M. Mahmoodi, S. Shayan Pages 47-64
    Introduction
    As an important fundamental Issue in urban planning، land use suitability assessment provides important reference for planning، planning management، planning implementation and planning evaluation. Whether at home or abroad، many scholars and planning workers have made in-depth study and explore at the approaches of land suitability assessment، especially in the use of GIS technology. Land use suitability assessment is an important fundamental work in urban planning. Be restricted by technology and means، qualitative analysis methods are wider used in evaluating land use suitability. It is necessary to explore a quantitative evaluation method to provide a reliable basis for in-depth analysis of urban planning and improve the persuasiveness of the decision-making and objectivity and science of the urban planning. Theoritical Bases: Urban valley stream is one of the important factors in making structural and functional evolutions of cities. In these natural corridors، in addition to، permanent or periodic flow of water، visual and natural values، as well as different function/ action pattern -in the form of tourism- recreation، economical functions، and even human life- are existed. In theories related to urban sustainable development، optimum utilization of these areas in the framework of sensitive areas and urban vital plans is considered by urban institution. Urban Managers are using a number of programs and policies to guide and control growth in the urban valley streams.
    Methodology
    The rapid development of IT technology and gradually maturing of GIS technology applications provides the foundation for urban planning from the qualitative analysis to quantitative analysis. Through the evaluation method، we can clearly determine the space relationship of «strict protection - appropriate protection - general use - optimal use - key development» in different policy conditions، so as to provide a solid theoretical foundation and serviceable content for urban planning. In this research، it is tried to use urban sensitive area theory framework; utilizing AHP model، geographic information system (GIS)، and conservation- based approach، urban land use planning process in Farahzad’s valley stream is considered. In general، the current study focuses on taking GIS as evaluation tools، but does not make in-depth research at the aspect of data source. On the basis of previous studies، this paper sums up experiences، uses remote sensing technology to broaden data acquisition channels and applies GIS-based Spatial Analysis method to land suitability assessment of Farahzad in Tehran. Dissscusion: The fast expansion of Tehran during recent years and the increase of urbanization have caused the decrease in natural values and established widespread development plans without environmental considerations. This tendency causes collision of environmental equilibrium in the city، especially in urban sensitive areas. The final results are shown in following map and table. Based on data، urban land use planning in Farahzad area is very important considering current obligations. The result shows that about 77 percent of lands in this valley stream with assessment model applied are located in high degree conservation bound. Therefore، these areas should be unsettled areas and should be replaced to optimum land uses related to their environmental values. Finally، with respect to location results produced from this research، micro and macro policies and guidelines for accessing to valley stream conservation goals are presented. The underlying policy issues need to be addressed by the public as well as elected officials if natural resources in the interface are to be preserved.
    Conclusion
    Natural resource managers can play an important role in raising public awareness of the natural resource and conservation issues in the interface. Too often communities wait until development has begun before attempting to revise their land development plans. By then، emotions are often running high، and anger، divisiveness، and resentment preclude rational discussion about the long-term goals of the community. Because these issues are multifaceted، proactive and flexible land use policies are needed to deal with them.
    Keywords: Urban development planning, land use planning, urban sensitive areas, Farahzad's valley stream
  • M. Soltanhosseini, M. Salimi, M. Salimi, M. Lotfi Pages 65-88
    Introduction
    Sport facilities and sport places as one of important land uses in urban environment can have positive and negative effects on their surroundings، of which the most important can be addressed to economic and social ones. Thus، the purpose of this study was to identify، assess and prioritize the social and economic effects of sport places on the urban environment. Based on these objectives، five typical sport places (Shahid Sadoughi، Shahid Paak Nejad، Shahid Nassiri، 22nd Bahman، Kargaran sport complexes) were selected by special circumstances in Yazd city. The research goals were to recognize and determine the socioeconomic effects (impacts) of sport places on urban environment، which were obtained by searching and organizing relevant literature and valid scientific resources as well as discussing and exchanging views with outstanding professors and experts in urban planning and sport management. The research tool consisted of two questionnaires: 1) dual comparative questionnaire including 57 items in 2 sections in order to define input of AHP method، and 2) a questionnaire with Likert scale including 18 items in 2 sections in order to define inputs of SAW method and TOPSIS method. To gather data، the questionnaires were distributed among 162 individuals from the sample in Yazd city (53 persons from chairmen of sport federations، specialists from physical education office، and administrators from selected sport complexes، 14 persons from police officers، 12 persons from real estate agencies، 83 persons from residents in surroundings of selected sport complexes). Theoretical Bases: - Sport Places: Places constructed for various sports activities، including outdoor and indoor locations. - Economic and social effects (impacts) of sport places: Economic and social effects (impacts) which sports places exert on their surroundings in urban environment.
    Discussion
    Gathering the necessary data and prioritizing the determined effects (by three AHP، TOPSIS، and SAW methods) and analyzing data by one sample t-test، it was found that of the social effect items، the sport places increased the residents’ tendency to watch matches، tendency to do exercises، their happiness and freshness، and collective and sport cooperation among them، respectively. In general، and considering the social variables، although the obtained mean of views was higher than the average، this difference was not significant. In addition، other results from the study indicated that sport places did not influence all economic variables as well as none of their components.
    Conclusion
    The results showed sport places do not have much influence on the improvement of economic components in their surroundings. At present، sport industry is considered as the most profitable one in the world، however، it is in the hands of the countries provided its requirements، regarded it as a profitable resource، and dealt with it based on scientific studies، while the lack of suitable facilities and economic goals will result in nothing but losses and damages. On the other hand، the results from the present study and most of current studies show that sport places and their increased per capita budget will result in social positive effects in different dimensions such as increased healthiness، freshness، and vitality. Suggestions: The followings are recommended based on the results from the study: Increasing advertising through media and etc. in order to inform people about the sport’s advantages، since it will result in more acceptance by people and more social positive effects by sport places. Paying more attention to land selection in urban environment including sport needs assessment. Cultivating and promoting sport among enthusiasts and spectators in different ways، resulting in the reduction of social disorders arising from a variety of sports events.
    Keywords: Sport places, social effects (impacts), economic effects, urban environment
  • J. Mohammadi, M. Izadi Pages 89-104

    Analysis of cultural development of Isfahan city Using Factor analysis method J. Mohammadi، M. Izadi Received: October 08، 2011/ Accepted: April 10، 2012، 23-25 P Extended abstract 1-Introduction Cultural spaces are consideredas one of the main factors for development. Cultural development is a qualitative and valuable process that for assessing it، quantitative indicators in cultural planning are used to obtain development objectives in the pattern of goods and services. The aim of the study is to determine and analyze cultural development level and regional inequality of different districts of Isfahan using factor analysis technique. The statistical population of the study is 14 districts of Isfahan municipality. The dominant approach ofthis study is quantitative – description and analytical. In this study، 35 indices have been summarized by factor analysis method and have been reduced to 5 factors and combined in significant ones and delivered. 2 – Theoretical bases The most important objectives of spatial planning، considering limitation of resources، are optimum distributions of facilities and services among different locations in which people live. To do this،there is a need to identify different locations in terms of having different facilities and services، so that developed locations are specified and planners can proceed to do something for spatial equilibrium and reducing privileged distance between districts. The present study has been conducted to reach to an equal development in Isfahan urban districts following identifying the situation and the manner of distributing development facilities cultural selected indices in different districts. 3 – Discussion Cultural development of societies is evaluated by considering the changes and improvement of its indices and measured by quantitative frames. Cultural development indices are the most important tools for cultural planning in a special district in a society. In this study، cultural development indices have been used to determine the levels of districts. By using factor analysis model، the share of influential factors in the cultural development of districtswas determined. These five factors all together specify 93. 11 percent of variance. The first factor alone calculates and describes 53. 12 percent and other factors 17. 22، 11، 4. 38 and 4. 38 percent of variance respectively. 4 – Conclusion Based on performed analyses، 35 selected indices of cultural development have been reduced to 5، via factor analysis model and the share of each factor in the development was determined. 5 created factors are able to calculate and describe 93. 11 percent of variance. The first factor alone calculates 53. 12 percent and the other factors calculate and describe 17. 22، 11، 4. 38، and 4. 38 percent of variance، respectively. The results of this analysis declare that to develop cultural services for the districts، the first، third and the second factors are suggested as first priorities for developing Isfahan urban districts for much disprivileged، disprivileged، semi privileged، privileged and much privileged districts respectively. The fourth factor can be effective in second priority to increase semi privileged development level. The fifth factor can be effective in the third priority to increase the development level of disprivileged and muchdisprivileged districts. 5 – Suggestions Since the aim of such studies is to identify the status quo in terms of cultural development factors، plentiful and various proceedings are needed to correctly and precisely plan for districts in order to reach social justices and remove disprivileged situation from different districts. So، in order to be responsive to the increasing cultural needs of Isfahan urban districts، people''s contribution and participation and agencies cooperation and the most important of all private sectors help interested in investment are needed. Also، the development and improvement of information technology in the pattern of reinforcing and developing institutions، structural amendments in rules and laws and making benefit of new achievements in providing cultural services are very important. Keyword: Spatial analysis، Cultural Development، Factor analysis method، Isfahan city. References Azemi، Hossein (2004)، Circuits of underdevelopment Iran''s economy،nay press، Fifth Edition. Azemi، Nasser (2002)، exploring the fundamentals of urbanization and urban systems، Nekapress، Tehran. Consulting Engineers، Translated by Abutalebfanai and others (1992)، Guidelines for planning rural centers، Rural and Development press، No. 10. Fanni، Zohre (2004)، small cities another phenomenon in regional development، First edition، ministry of interior. Ghanbari Haft cheshme، Abolfazl&KarimHosseinzadedalir (2005)، specification of thedegree of development in townships of Eastern Azarbaijan Province 1375، Geography and areal development journal Mashhad Ferdosi University No. 5، 113-123. Hekmatnia، Hassan، Mousavi، Mirnajaf (2006)، model application in Geography emphasizing rural and planning، ElmeNovin press، first edition. Kalantari، Khalil (2001)، Planning and regional development، theories and techniques، khoshbin press، First Edition، Tehran. Kalantari، khalil (2003)، data process and analysis in socioeconomic researches، Tehran، sharif press. MasoumiAshkevri، Hassan (1993)، principles and methods of regional planning. Mohammadi، Jamal (2002)، an analysis of quantitative concepts and their role in urban and regional planning، Geographic space journal، Ahar Open University، 2، 87-102. MokhtariMalekabadi، Reza (2007)، Impact of information technology on urban land use planning (Case Study: _ recreational and cultural uses in the city Isfahan)، Ph. D. dissertation، Isfahan University. Mousavi، Mirnajaf، Hekmatnia، Hassan، (2005)، Analysis and synthesis of the factors causing the development of areas Iran، Geography and Development journal، Fall and Winter. Mohammad Mouliyae (2007)، Comparing the degree of development of the service sector and social welfare of the province during 1373 and 1383، Quarterly of Welfare، Sixth year، No. 24. PapolyYazdi، Mohammad Hossein and RajabiSnajrdy، Hossein (2008)، View of the city and surrounding، samt Press، Third Edition. Javadi، Nasrin (2005)، Cultural development of the province، Limitations and Solutions، Iran journal، No. 141. Sarafi، Mozafar (1989)، planning basics of regional Development. Talabi، Hoashang&zangiabadi، Ali، 2001. «Index analysis and identification of effective factors in the methodology of Human development of Iran''s big cities» Quarterly of geographic research No. 60، 124-142. Taghvai، Masoud (2007)، services in rural villages in ChaharMahal and Bakhtiari Villages، University Research of Isfahan Journal، Volume 24، NO. 3. Taheri، Shahnam (2001)، Economic Development and Planning، Havaitazeh press، Third Edition، Tehran. Zangiabadi، Ali (1999)، analysis and organization of spatial structure of urban development indices in cities with a population of over one hundred. Ph. D. dissertation، Isfahan University. Ziyari، Karamatolah (2000)، Assess the degree of cultural development in Iran، Social Science of the letter journal، N. 16. UNESCO، Translated by Mohammad Fazeli (2000)، Scientific Strategies Cultural development، tebyan press.

    Keywords: Spatial analysis, Cultural Development, Factor analysis method, Isfahan city
  • V. Rabieifar, K. Zayari, G. Haghighatnaeini Pages 105-130
    Introduction
    Environmental problems are one of the most fundamental problems in modern city and the result of conflict and confrontation with the natural environment. Recently، cities are confronted with numerous environmental problems and the incidence of environmental pollution، resource degradation and loss of natural spaces. Zanjan as one of the most important cities in the North West has many environmental issues such as incomplete sewage disposal system، physical development of the City and the degradation and loss of agricultural lands and gardens and etc. The dominant approaches in current attempt are qualitative and quantitative and the type of research is applied. The research methodology is descriptive analysis. In this article، the environmental structure of Zanjan is evaluated and analyzed using the SWOT technique in four stages. And in the end to resolve the existing problems، strategies are prioritized and suggested based on QSPM matrix. Theoretical bases: Theory of sustainable urban development is the result of discussions of environmental advocates regarding environmental issues especially the urban environment which were presented following the concept of sustainable development to protect environmental resources.
    Discussion
    Analysis and evaluation of environmental features of Zanjan have been carried out based on the quality and quantity of their techniques using SWOT strategic planning in the context of internal environmental factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external environmental factors (threats and opportunities، mainly in the city of Zanjan) in four hierarchical stages.
    Conclusion
    Results of this study demonstrated that the total weighted score of the table of internal factors matrix is 2. 64 and for external factors matrix is 2. 36. The obtained number was lower than average; in fact، the strengths and opportunities are not used properly to overcome weaknesses and threats and weaknesses outweigh the strengths and the threats are dominant to opportunities. In addition، the type of result ed strategy is the variety (contingency) strategy. Suggestions: Finally، in order to resolve existing problems، strategies based on the QSPM Priority matrix have been proposed.
    Keywords: environment, sustainable development, SWOT technique, Zanjan city
  • A. Ghanbari, M. Safarpoor, Gh. Kord Pages 131-144
    Introduction
    With increasing urbanization and subsequent population density in cities in the era of globalization and global economic integration، providing a public transportation system which is efficient، effective، safe and inexpensive leads to economic، social and environmental sustainability. So that other indicators such as travel time، traffic، fuel consumption and air pollution be improved، in addition to the current direction of traveling towards public transportation. BRT system is one of the forms of mass transit which had been designed and implemented in order to solve urban traffic problems and move toward sustainable urban development. In this way، planners and policy makers are still interested in investing in a transportation network and density of lands as an alternative to eliminate private cars، reduce traffic and its adverse effects. This paper investigates and evaluates the effects of BRT system on commercial land uses of street margin، in Tabriz from university square to Shariati cross- road.
    Methodology
    The sample size of the study includes all economic businessmen of the margin of street in the studied area in Tabriz in 2010-2011. The statistical sample of the survey was selected according to the random sampling method. There were 180 commercial land uses; with special separation of the main junction 75 questionnaires were returned and analyzed from the north side of the street and 75 ones were returned and analyzed from the south side of the street and the questionnaire return rate was 83 percent. In this study، interview method had also been used.
    Discussion
    BRT lines in Tabriz were designed to solve traffic problems and transportation. But regardless of its influential effects on the transport of Tabriz، adverse effects had been imposed on trade margin land uses in the studied area. In the area of study، due to the narrow width of passage، BRT line had allocated in one side of the street and other side of streets had been allocated to moving and handling personal vehicles that has led to slow movement and increase in volume of traffic. This resulted in the decrease of customers referring to shop across these lines، because people who want to buy goods and commodities from these places were no longer willing to go to these places and purchase goods from the North side of the street، due to various problems such as lack of parking places for private cars، preventing marginal park in the avenues، problems caused by going through the width of streets، waste of time and so on. Also، following to the investigations made، many shop owners and even some of the pedestrians have mentioned the BRT lines as a barrier wall. In the studied area، due to the narrow width passages، BRT line has allocated almost one side of the street and the rest of streets have been allocated to moving and handling personal vehicles that has resulted in slow movement and an increase in the volume of traffic. Besides BRT، other factors as well had affected sales and rents of shops. Some of them include: pavement design and its width، distance from trading centers or in other words، city''s pedestrianism center، presence or absence of parking possibility for customers'' cars، distance from government and official land use due to occupied passageways، the accumulation of shops in a bunch، price of shops، shops and distance from bus stops. In addition، based on the evaluation of the questionnaire results and interview with the local shopkeepers، this is clearly observable that the effect degree is not identical in North and South streets.
    Conclusion
    Apart from the market stagnancy and economic problems، BRT lines have negative effects on commercial land use، especially at the price of rents and the number of stores'' clients. In general، the results point to a real recession and application changes of land uses in the north side of street (the margins of BRT Line) which is more than the south side of street and following these changes، the owners of the shops in north street and those who want to invest tend to use the shops of Southern part. Based on our investigation، most shop owners and even some of the pedestrians had mentioned the BRT lines as a barrier wall. Suggestions: Based on the results of this research، it can be seen that following each step in the process of urban management many lateral and hidden feedbacks are visible which point to a multi-dimensional and chained link among the elements and parts of a city. In this regard، there is a need for a planning based on comprehensive approach and a system such as strategic planning to organize urban planning and management system in a way that it enables us to control and monitor feedback from the urban plans. Hence، according to current investigations، executive suggestions are as follows: Construction of parking within the scope of target services; Reducing the distance between stations; Tax relief for the losses; Other policies that attract citizens to the target locations such as the provision of green spaces، parks and other urban lively spaces in the target scope; And finally، if possible، transferring BRT route to the middle line of the street.
    Keywords: BRT, Economic Effects, Commercial Land Uses, Tabriz
  • V. Ezzatian, S. Hasheminasab Pages 145-160
    Introduction
    The recent fatal events with regard to the rise in the atmospheric pollutants levels have suggested that the reason of their occurrence be more identified. The long-term and short-term effects on the environment caused by pollutants that reached unacceptable level are apparent; existence of pollutatnts has led to short-term effects such as appearance and aggravation of cancer and respiratory‚ optic and lung diseases. The sequence of long-term effects is seen on DNA‚ intelligence and physiology. The air pollution results in water and soil pollution. Of course، aquatics and plants are under the influence of these pollutions. Men are not safe from them because they enter man’s food chain too. The statistical model represented in this research can estimate the acceptable rate of surface- ozone by measuring the climatic data of synoptic meteorology of Isfahan Station and evaluating surface pollution rate of station of the Environment Protection Agency. This research shows that equations that profited from two variables including square sunshine and square carbon monoxide concentration could explain %35 of concentration changes in surface- ozone during a day. Even though multivariable regression models can explain dramatical concentration changes in surface– ozone and protector concentration، practical use of these models is limited because of numerous entrance variables. Ozone as one of the most significant secondary pollutants not only influences general health but also has a considerable effect on agriculture. Surface – ozone is in ppm or ppb and it comprises the number of ozone molecules per million and per billion of air molecule. Theoretical basis: As regards exceptional importance and poisonous state of ozone special in agriculture، it is essential to measure the rate of this gas for quantitative and qualitative survey of garden products and birds and livestock’s health. In general pollutants threat stable development and environment. Furthermore، because its rate is higher than acceptable level، it disrupts man’s daily activities. So، it is necessary to study this process. To display a statistical model is the purpose of this study so that surface- ozone rates can be acceptably estimated using atmospheric factors. The main question is this: can an appropriate estimate of surface- ozone rates be determined using a statistical model? It is assumed in this study that climatic factors of land surface play remarkable role in surface- ozone forming. Statistical models using Excel and Spss Software have been used to regionalize pollutant rates. At first، necessary entrance data were adapted from Isfahan Meteorology Station. Data include: A) Temperature and soil moisture. B) Atmospheric factors including: air temperature، atmospheric humidity، sunshine، wind velocity and precipitation. C) Land surface data of pollutants adapted from the Environment Protection Agency including: surface-ozone، so2، Nox. Then، using these data and specific model، a relationship was found to estimate surface concentration. This study has been done in Isfahan. Climatic data and air pollution and atmospheric pollutants data have been taken from measuring station of air quality in five centers of city (Laleh Square، Bozorgmehr Square، Azadi Square).
    Discussion
    Data of daily mean temperature during statistical course is 16. 7c. Median، variance and standard deviation are 17. 9، 95. 2 and 9. 8، respectively. Minimum and maximum temperatures are -6. 6 and 33. 4 ◦ centigrade. Based on skewness test and Kolmogorov – Smirnov Test frequency distribution of temperature data is normal. Mean dew-point temperature is -1. 9 during studying course. This factor also has a normal curve like temperature. But Kolmogorov- Smirnov Test shows a contrary result. Range of dew-point temperature is between -25. 9 to 14. 2. Standard deviation is 5. 7 ْ◦ centigrade that is lower than standard deviation of temperature (10. 9 ْ◦ centigrade). Mean dew–point temperature، median and standard deviation are -2، -1. 4 and 5. 2. Both above mentioned tests show that the frequency distribution is normal. Average of hourly ozone concentration data is 31. 4 ppb and median is 27 ppb. Mode as the most abundant in this statistical sample is 10. 1ppb. Three above mentioned statistics are not the same. So، frequency distribution curve of hourly ozone concentration is not normal. Furthermore، because ModConclusion
    The study done in this research shows that in 3-hour scale of atmospheric factors، temperature and wet-bulb temperature had the most correlation. It means tha temperature and humidity are positively effective on ozone forming. Beside، pressure level of station shows negative relationship with ozone. Negative correlation between ozone and pressure factors is unexpected since this relationship shows increasing ozone concentration in instable atmosphere (presence of low pressure system). Increasing temperature causes thermal low pressure growth so it can be resulted that direct and positive effect of temperature on increase of surface-ozone is more obvious than its indirect role decreasing surface pressure in lessening of ozone concentration. Particularly، two round-the-clock pressure changes and ozone curves are exactly contrary curves. Beside، results assessed from model about happening of sea level pressure illustrate that it can not play a role in point analysis of model and using this factor is not helpful to improve the equation. These studies shows that the regression equation measured out of atmospheric factors of synoptic stations can not singly estimate ozone concentration. These explain just some parts of ozone changes. Whereas beside ozone data، five more pollutant gases have been measured. For the next step these data in tow 3-hour and daily scales were considered beside atmospheric factors as predictor ozone variable. Significant correlation between ozone and Noxs represent that ozone rate is increased by inflation components in Nox s concentration. Surface – ozone forming caused by these components in presence of sunshine is a remarkable point because high level of them is available in Isfahan. Here، significant correlation was not seen between ozone and carbon monoxide، but for the next step and special daily scale، a notable correlation is proved between them. Dominated pollutant in Isfahan is carbon monoxide so it has direct and remarkable effect on ozone forming. In short، equation profited tow variables including square sun shine and square carbon monoxide concentration could explain 30 percent of daily ozone concentration changes. It sounds that because of numerous entrance variables، regression models and complicated functions models are not practically helpful; however، they are fairly working to explain surface-ozone changes and predictor ozone concentration. Suggestions: -To form pollutant evaluation network - To form general data base -To compose national standard of acceptable pollutant level -To inform public about human-induced pollutant;
    Keywords: Secondary pollutants, statistical models, ozone level, Regionalization