نشریه نقد زبان و ادبیات خارجی
سال چهارم شماره 8 (بهار و تابستان 1391)

The purpose of this paper is to reveal the point of connection between the story of “Mondo and other stories”, by Le Clézio, the contemporary French novelist and the poem of “Phoenix and Morghe Amen”, by Nima Yushij. Mondo’s collections of stories are a combination of myth and reality which, in the dream entertainment of the author, points to the reality and philosophy of human life. However, Nima, political and revolutionary, interprets life with the language of symbols in the course of the new poem and iconoclastically creates symbolic and free prose. Nima’s familiarity with contemporary philosophy and literature of west, on the other hand, and their naturalism and historicity, on the other hand, direct them (the two authors) to the identification and study of human history and its consequences. As a result, the death and birth of phoenix has changed to mental and genuine tool in the discovery of thought of historical human and description of social transformations and reveals the reality of mythical human in the course of verse and prose. This does not come to a conclusion unless the soul and body of human is smoothed in the course of literary masterpieces.

Motherhood has always been one of the most challenging themes in both feminist theory and fiction. The sacrifice of the mother/child relation in the corpus of Freud and Lacan’s psychoanalytical theories has initiated feminist critics like the French feminist philosopher and psychoanalyst, Luce Irigaray, to rethink this lost relation through critiques of what she calls the historicity and conservatism of such disciplinary institutions. In this regard, the reclaiming and celebration of the woman-mother is the defining act of resistance to the repressive Western phallogocentric system. Feminist science fiction produced within the framework of patriarchy is conscious to point out how patriarchy influences the act of motherhood. Sheri S. Tepper in the Gate to Women’s Country tries to deconstruct the Greek myths of mother/daughter relationship. The present study attempts to explore the significance of feminist SF in redefining gender through rewriting the concept of motherhood beyond the borderlines of the Western culture. The affinity between Irigaray and Tepper is further demonstrated by the fact that both avoid theorizing motherhood and thus intensify its dynamics.

In the first chapters of both Bustan and Golistan and some other parts of his works, Sa’di comments on the king and governing rules. Machiavelli and the Prince may be considered as one of the rudimentary works in the field of politics. Either accepting or rejecting them, his opinions have been surveyed and analyzed by almost every scholar in the field. An accurate look on the social disorders of their times may reveal some similarities. Putting aside the glorious cultural climate of Shiraz and Florence in their time, one can find so many socio-historical similarities between these two places of the world during the given ages; Iran is just passing the first decades after Mongol's invasion and Florence is undergoing hard and problematic years of invasion, offence, and rage because of the incompetence of the rulers. Both Sa’di and Machiavelli as the eye witnesses of the people’s misery, try to portray a ruler under whose government the people of different social classes can feel a better life. Using different means, these authors have similar worries and goals. This survey aims at unveiling some of these similarities.

This study uses an experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group to investigate the effect of a teaching methodology based on computer softwares on English language learners’ achievement motivation. Sixty male students of 3rd grade high school in the educational year of 2010-2011 were selected to participate in the study. The participants were then randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The participants in the two groups were administered a pretest on their achievement motivation at the beginning of the educational year. This was followed by eight weeks of instruction based on the ELA language teaching software for the experimental group and the traditional practice of teaching by a teacher and books for the control group. After the course of instruction, the posttest of achievement motivation was administered to both groups. The main research material was the test of achievement motivation and the data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and multiple analyses of variance (MANOVA). The results showed that a teaching methodology based on learning softwares significantly affected mastery type of achievement motivation; however it had no significant effect on the performance type of achievement motivation. Finally, it was found that this type of methodology had a significant effect on learners’ attitude towards the English language.

The present study investigates the role of strategy instruction on the Iranian learners’ use of metacognitve strategies. 126 intermediate and advanced participants took part in the present study. The learners (n=69) in the experimental group were instructed of the use of strategies while the learners (n=57) in the control group did not receive any instruction from the teacher. 44 university language learners in the University of Tehran participated in this study. Non-language learner participants included 39 university learners of Engineering in Azad University and 43 university learners of Social Sciences in the University of Tehran. The results showed that learners employed the strategies more effectively when provided with metacognitive strategy instruction. It was also concluded that the participants’ preferences for strategy use did not differ according to the type of reading passages and their field of study. Based on the results of this paper, it is recommended that English language instructors provide students with explicit metacognitve instruction in order to help them become independent language learners.

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky is founding father of psychological novels. We cannot deny the debt Joyce, Kafka & Proust owing him. Also, we easily can recognize his impact on Nietzsche, Gide, and Camus & Faulkner’s works as well as on many writers of the twentieth century. This article tries concentrate on the hermeneutic texture of his best novel published three months before his death. The characters who dramatize “Brothers Karamazov” are explicators of philosophical concepts on his time and exponents of the paradoxical inclination in human thoughts. Dostoevsky’s deep understanding of Christianity has made him able to have a Russian interpretation of the Bible & a Christian narrative of Russian society. Brothers Karamazov, moreover, challenges the church’s profit-seeking spirit, and reveals incapability of the socialist idea in reaching a Godless utopia.

MA student-IAU, Central Tehran BranchAbstractTo generate her own form of poststructuralist feminism, Helene Cixous adopted and improved elements of Freud’s and Lacan’s theories. Cixous’ acceptance of Lacanian psychoanalysis is comparatively optimistic about the feasibility of transforming the patriarchal symbolic order by giving women a new sense of themselves and affirming different feminine meanings and values. For Cixous, as for other poststructuralist feminists, the reproduction of specific forms of power relations in society is integral. How the individuals comprehend their material conditions of existence is a source of struggle and these conditions can be either reproduced or transformed. Poststructuralist feminists try to theorize patriarchal thought as misrepresentation of the actual power relations between the sexes in their public life. The present article seeks to observe two Cixousian concepts, namely, “the other” and “the feminine”, in Jhumpa Lahiri’s “The Treatment of Bibi Halder”, one of the stories of the collection Interpreter of Maladies and views the protagonist as an example of Cixousian woman.

The contemporary novel is an opportunity to share the unspoken and non-heard which are not only different but also contradictory. This harmony of voices has an epistemological value. The multiplicity of narrators plays a decisive role in the progression of the novel. Not in a linear manner, but in a multiple form, or even alternative mode. They move forward-- with control and expertise-- the dislocated and disjointed fragments of the novel. The reader interprets, comments and rebuilds the basic elements of the story, which are apparently scattered; and succeed in combining them together in a cohesive set, The novel, therefore, is a place of paradox and heterogeneity within a coherent work. Prodigy is no exception to this rule. Huston uses multiplicity of diverse voices that intertwine and recede alternately, intelligently enjoying the theme of music, establishing a harmony between the diverse voices of narrators with their point of view. Creating resonant rhythms, she develops a unique space for the dialogism of the various characters. Such as a great symphony, each narrator speaks despite differences in gender, generation, culture, tone, etc. In this musical “fugue", the play between a multiplicity of contrapuntal voices, an ideal communication space is built for the ideological and discursive dialogism. This study is an attempt to understand what strategy or tricks the author has used to better show dialogism and polyphony: from the subtitle to narrative techniques, taking into account the principles of narratology and linguistic.

In Russian language by the use of infinitive in a one-compound structure, one can express the predicative characteristic of a sentence. Infinitives describe potential acts and are, therefore, majorly applied in expressing indirect meanings. Infinitives explain meanings as well, like: tendency to a necessary or required act or state, impatient tendency towards an act or state, tendency to an impossible or possible act or state in future, tendency to a proper and useful act or state, fear of an act or state, tending to an act not to be done or a state not to be occurred, permanent tendency and talent of a person to an act or state” in one-compound sentences with single-component structure. This article aims to explain the given meanings in one-compound infinitive sentences and study their expression in Persian language. Russian infinitive sentences with the meaning of subject’s tendency to acts or states are transformed into the past or near future tenses of the subjunctive mood in Persian. Comparative analysis and translation are used in this article.

The structure of "Bǎ" sentences, i.e., sentences in which the preposition "Bǎ " is used, is among the most complicated grammatical issues in modern Chinese. That is why this structure has turned into one of the most important research problems for researchers in the field of teaching Chinese to speakers of other languages. The structure of such sentences has always served as one of the grammatical issues that are difficult for learners to master. Since Iranian learners are no exception in this regard, their errors in using "Bǎ " structures from the perspective of "jùfǎ 句法" grammar was analyzed, in order to better understand what problems Iranian learners face in dealing with this structure. The results of the study could be useful for both teaching and learning this structure.

The present article is the result of an investigation into the crux of identity in Tony Morrison’s Beloved, and its objective is not only to study the nature of the crux, but also to consider the strategies hitherto theorized by Black feminist intellectuals in order to overcome the problem. These strategies are mainly deconstructive so as to facilitate overthrowing the logocentric principles. The logocenteric order constitutes the core of the enlightenment thought that for decades had deprived many minority groups of their identity and, hence, caused their subjugation. The result of such domination has been to dehumanize and, therefore, deprive many people of their identity while the so called dominant class gets constituted despite being a small portion of the society. Since many marginalized groups such as Black women of the laboring class exist at the intersection of identity, they experience oppression in its utmost intensity. It seems that the only way by which these marginalized groups can overcome oppression is through upholding the principles of the system that has caused their oppression. To demonstrate how Black women can jump outside the restrictions and prescriptions founded by the dominant class in order to overcome their oppression, Tony Morrison’s Beloved will be studied, keeping an eye on the strategies and tactics employed by the Black female characters of the novel.