فصلنامه گیاه و زیست بوم
پیاپی 31 (تابستان 1391)

The Establishment of vegetation during time and in different places demonstrates the contrast between vegetation species and environmental factors. Agropyron trichophorum species is in one of the valuable meadows in Fereidan Isfahan which is because of uncontrolled exploitation is being destructed. In this study the relationships between species (Agropyron trichophorum) in some parts of the grassland areas of Isfahan Fereidan were investigated with environmental factors, and the most important habitat characteristics were determined. In this study, nine different ecological conditions of rangeland (good to poor condition) was performed and the index of canopy cover and most important biological sites were determined. The geographical information system (GIS) was used for detemining the physiographic and climatic factors. The row classification and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was applied for investigating the relationship between canopy cover for the desired species and biological factors. Results showed that soil depth factors, respectively, N, clay, sand, pH, lime rate, slope and absolute minimum temperatures are the important factors affecting the development and deployment Agropyron trichophorum species.

This study was carried out in order to determine the relationship between biodiversity and richness of understory vegetation and chemiophysical soil factors and topography in Quercus iberica Stev. forest site of Asalem, Guilan. First, parcels No. 4, 7, 9 and 10 that had more abundance of Quercus iberica than other parcels in Lomer district No.8 were selected as objective parcels. Since the Quercus iberica population was limited, 30 sampling plots (50×50 m) were randomly taken. In order to record the herbaceous species, the Whitaker’s nested sampling plot method was applied, which resulted in 64 m2 of the minimum plot area. In addition, topographical factors were estimated in each plot. In order to survey herbaceous species, cover percentage for each herbaceous species were recorded in each plot that defined with Domin criterion. The result of Spearman correlation showed that Simpson and Shannon-Wiener indices had negative correlation with gravel, elevation, Bulk density and slope percentage and had positive correlation with organic matter and organic carbon, total nitrogen. Mehinick’s richness index showed negative correlation with gravel and Bulk density, but unlike Margalef index had not correlation with elevation.

Hazel sites in northern region of Iran as there are natural forests. In many provinces it can be seen in the form of hand planting as well. Leaves and hazel of shaton is used as medicines. In this project the effect of aqueous extract of leaf and shaton of hazel on 8 bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus Aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Yersinia enterocolitica were studied. The effect of extract with both antibiotics seftyzoxime and ciprophloxacim effect was studied.Results showed that hazel changed with the changes in antibacterial properties. Leaves did not show any antibacterial effect, but shaton had anti-bacterial effects. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive. The antibiotics properties were more than extracts.

This experiment was carried out in order to investigate the effects of transferring vascular system on components of yield in the main axis of Reyhan spike. This experiment was done in the research farm of Islamic Azad University Saveh Branch in 1388-89. In this study the size and distribution of vascular bundles and their effects on yield components of barley were examined. The results showed that the number and size of central vascular bundles decreased along the axis from proximal to distal part of spike as the highest level of decreasing was in the proximal part of spike in comparison to other parts of spike. This experiment revealed that there was no relationship between decreasing of size and number of vascular bundles and the weight of grains along barley axis. The greatest number and size of vascular bundles (internodes No: 1 to No: 3) detected in the beginning of spike axis. The results showed that all the number of vascular bundles in peduncle of spike was not entering to the spike axis in all the samples with equal number of spikelet. But the number of vascular bundles in this experiment that were entering to the rachis from peduncle side of spike is equaled in all the samples.

To study of the effects of different values of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on application of silage corn, a test was done in culturing year 2008-2009 as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications in agriculture research station biokola (Neka). The main factor for irrigation interval in four levels were (I1, I2, I3 and I4 with the order of 75, 100, 125 and 150mm aggregation evaporation from class A evaporation pan) and sub factor nitrogen (0, 96 and 184 kg purred nitrogen). The results showed that the minimum yield of dried silage and yield of wet silage achieved in each hectare for irrigation interval with 150mm evaporation aggregation evaporation from class A evaporation pan (76.9 and 57.58 T/ha). The maximum yield of wet silage in hectare and efficiency of water consumption of dried material obtained from irrigation interval 125mm (79.200 in each hectare and 18.19 kg/mg). The maximum biologic yield of water consumption and water efficiency consumption obtained under treatments of irrigation interval 125 and 150mm evaporation from class an evaporation pan (32.11 and 13.91 kg/mg). Bush height, yield of dried silage, corn length, yield of wet silage in hectare, water consumption efficiency, water consumption efficiency of dried material, and water percent than to dried weight and water consumption efficiency with consumption 184 kg nitrogen in hectare was the highest rate. The maximum efficiency of water consumption with 150mm from class A evaporation pan with consumption 184 kg nitrogen in hectare (13.91 kg/mg) obtained while dried water with 75mm evaporation from class A pan obtained with identical nitrogen value (28.700 T/ha).

The experiment was conducted in to study the effects of planting date on different growth stages of corn hybrids (Late-Mid and Early mature), at Borkhar region–Isfahan province in 2009. The experimental design was a RCBD in split plot arrangement. The main plots were three (5th of June, 20th of June and 5th July); the sub plots were 6 hybrids [K.sc (260, 320, 500, 647, 704, and 720)]. ANOVA result and means comparison of traits with DMRT at p %5 revealed that: Planting dates had significant effects on grain yields (at p %1). The highest grain yield was obtained in 20th of June and 5th July, respectively, with 7.928 and 6.440 ton/ha and the lowest grain yield was obtained in 5th of June with 5.043 ton/ha. The corn hybrids had significant effects on grain yields (at p %1). K.sc-720 and K.sc-320, with 8.971 and 4.740 ton/ha had the highest and the lowest grain yields, respectively. The effect of different planting date and corn hybrids had significant effects on 1000GW,grain number per ear row, grain depths, height of herb and ear height (at p %1). Differences between corn hybrids due to the number of grain rows per ear had significant effect (at p %1), but between the planting dates of statistically significant differences weren’t observed. Planting dates and corn hybrids had significant effects on grain proteins (p =%1), among the different hybrids, all of them were in the same level of statistics due to the protein percent, except K.sc-320 hybrid. Finally result showed that K.sc-720 hybrid and planting date of 20th June can be recommended for the most suitable quality in Isfahan province climatic conditions.

In this research, some of the plant covering in the ranges with different managements including: under grazing range (shomjar), unchallenged range (Hanisakrood), and long term engaged range (Golestanak) located in 42 aquiferous region of Kojur Chalus Roud were studied. To study plant covering in each range randomly-systematic, four 50 meter transects were located and plant covering specifications in ten 1 square meter were classified and compared in each transect by using one-way variance analysis and Dunkan test.Results showed that long-term engaged Range had 87 maximum percent of crown covering and 55 minimum percent related to the under grazing range. Also, the maximum percent of I class plants in the unchallenged range was 49 percent and the maximum percent of III class plant covering in the engaged range was 51 percent. According to the study, it was revealed that short term removal of domesticated animal grazing in the semi-humid region, provided a necessary opportunity for different species growth, specially species that were under-pressure of grazing and didn’t have any presence opportunity.But with the removal of the domesticated animal grazing in the long-term, some of the species eliminated and number of species toward initial steps of a sequence decreased due to the competition among species and balance creation in ecosystem.

There are some strategies for rangeland ecosystems, among them, paying attention to the value and nutrition storages of rangeland species are important strategically factors. Having knowledge of forage quality and soluble carbohydrates storage in growth recycle is fundamental for range management because livestock needs and plant health are in relationship with the fit remove time. Artemisia aucheri was studied in this investigation. Samples were collected from highland range of Gorgan. They were dried at last analyzed stage according to the standard methods. Results showed that there were significant differences between the amount of crud protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), digestible dry matter (DDM), metabolism energy (ME) and soluble carbohydrates (SC) in different phonological stages and life. Roots had high soluble carbohydrates in dry leached stage.

To provide DNA extraction buffer, various materials are used. Some of these materials are sensitive to temperature and others such as phenol-chloroform is dangerous for human health. Moreover, they needed liquid nitrogen and Rnase enzymes, many of the mentioned substances will be removed by using STE buffer. In previous methods, the researchers nedded substances such as BSA, which had high cost and sensivity to increasing of temperature while extraction process made it inevitable to use centrifuge device with cooler system. But most laboratories do not have these facilities. On the other hand, common methods need to employ solutions in high volumes, which altogether increase the cost of DNA extraction. For this reason, using common methods to extract DNA was not economical in the laboratories with fewer facilities. In optimized and proposed method, PVP was used instead of BSA in different experiments. in addition to having high resistance against temperature increasing, it removed secondary metabolites, specially poly phenols from cellular extracts of plant tissues, it also used this substance to reduce cell extract washing time with, component solutions of chloroform- isoamil alcohol to one stage. All the above mentioned factors cause this method to be applicable in a shorter time than common methods of DNA extracting. It also long with decreasing the component to less than a quarter of previous methods, the STE method was optimized as a simple, fast and cheap method to extract genomic DNA in a wide range of medicinal plants.