فصلنامه اخلاق پزشکی
پیاپی 15 (بهار 1390)

The moral climate is an essential component of work space. That affects both the organization's staff and work output this study aimed to provide an understanding of the relationship between the moral climates with job satisfaction among the nurses. This is a cross sectional and co relational study in which 210 nurses working in selected wards of educational centers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2010 were selected. The data collection tools included a questionnaire for the demographic data, Olson moral climate questionnaire and Minnesota job satisfaction questionnaire. Our findings suggest a significant relationship between the moral climate and job satisfaction of nurses (r = 0.39, P ≤ 0.001); the better the moral climate in the nurses point of view, the higher their job satisfaction. Among the demographic variables, working shift (p = 0.02), income level (p = 0.00) and type of duties allocation among the nurses (p = 0.02) had a significant relationship with job satisfaction. The authorities should pay more attention to the importance of the factors influencing job motivation among the nurses.

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a thechnic which was originally developed for couples at high risk of transmitting a genetic defect. The expanded uses of preimplantation genetic diagnosis in assisted reproduction have raised questions about their ethical acceptability. PGD evolved from IVF technology. It is an extention of IVF treatment and cannot be undertaken separately. One set of objections arises from the need to create and then select embryos on chromosomal or genetic grounds, with deselected embryos then usually discarded. A second set of objections arises from the fact of selection itself. The use of PGD to exclude aneuploid embryos from transfer raises few special ethical issues. Another kind of concern is that increasing the frequency and scope of genetic screaning of prospective children will move us toward a eugenic world in which children are valued more for their genotype than for their inherent charachteristics. PGD has also been used to enable a family with a child with fanconii anemia to have another child who would serve as a source of hematopoeitic stem cells obtained from that child’s umbilical cord blood. The main ethical arguments are the instrumentalization of the child. The parent’s decision to conceive and select a certain embryo would fail to show respect for future child if their only reason for creating the child was its tissue. Conceiving a child to save another is a morally defensible decision on the condition that the child dies without transferring allergenic hematopoietic stem cells. Another uses of PGD is to select the sex of offspring for family balancing. Some theorisians who are full supportive of using sex selection claims that this kind of sex selection poses no risk harm to anyone. On contrary, the others believed that the attention to the sex of offspring is a sort of gender preference. Ethically, PGD with the aim of nonmedical sex selection cannot be acceptable and causes different social consequences.

With regard to this matter that nurses are facing ethical problems in their profession daily and re prafedly, thereby they should identify ethical problems and regard ethical principles in the area of offering services. So the aim of this study is to identify the observed ethical problems by students in their clinical work. this study was done qualitative and with the content analyzing approach in nursing and midwifery campus of medical & health university of shahid beheshti and tarbiat Modarres in 1389. Data were collected using open questions from 50 nursing master who have participated in this study. Students reported that some of the nurses and doctors have I’ll treat with patients, they give false information to they are careless about them, and there is an improper communication. Immoral behaviors of care and health team help to causing ethical problems and there is need to passing training courses during study and continually training courses for nursing practitioners for playing ethical and professional roles to offering safe and ethical health care.

This article reviews recent literature on dogmatic issues of animal rights in research fields, focusing primarily on previous and current concept of animal rights in medical research.The ethics of animalbased medical research is a continuing area of debate that has a complex overlap with law, social opinions, NGOs ideas, but mainly ethical research protocols do not create crucial limitation to scientist in lab and research fields. Basically there is wide and albeit beneficial need for informed consideration and interchanges between the ethicists, scientists and researchers, policymakers, lawyers, NGOs and the public in general to come to consensus regarding the issues discussed about animal rights and welfares in medical research fields. Current animal experimentation and use of animals as clinical and laboratory models were established by Bernard Claude who described: "An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine" in 1865. At this stage, the public opinions were already asking that the welfare, pain and distress of experimental animals during medical research bereduced. In 1959, two scientists, William Russell and Rex Burch projected the philosophy and doctrine of alternatives to animal experimentation as clinical models, the "3Rs". Since these two scientist doctrine time, animal rights and welfare campaigners have promoted the 3Rs concept in biomedical research communities and environments. Despite this accepted doctrine, spiteful animal experiments have continued and there are reports of radical and cure extremists showing their opposition by invasion, arson, theft and even bombing of institutions involved, resulting in killing of the animals that has been called “live slaughtering”. SHAC (Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty), one radical group supposed to be animal welfare supporters was recognized as a terrorist band in USA and the police inspected their activities extremely. In 2001, British animal radicalists attacked Japanese universities and stole laboratory equipments and resources; one individual was detained and sentenced to jail; Japanese who assisted in the incident were arrested and also one was sentenced to jail. In 2006, SHAC group in USA were arrested and sentenced to jail for their terrorism behaviors and activities including arson. Recently, the animal welfare law world widely was revised during last decade stressing the importance of 3Rs in scientific activities with animals. The outcome of these activities particularly 3Rs could be a better experimental design, on both ethical and scientific grounds in medical research areas. It is worth noted that beside 3Rs some other active NGOs about animal rights have been postulated that: “an animal's welfare should be governed by five freedoms, namely, freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from discomfort, freedom from pain, injury or disease, freedom to express normal behavior and freedom from fear and distress”.

Ethical sensitivity is one of characteristics that its owner is susceptible to ethical dilemmas and sees phenomenon from ethical aspect. Often nursing students face barriers to acquiring ethical sensitivity. A qualitative design was used to examine nursing student's perceptions of barriers to acquiring professional ethical sensitivity. Eight MS degree nursing students were selected purposefully. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and Burnard’s content analysis was employed. Three categories arose: unknowing, unwilling and inability. Findings of this study show that personal characteristics, educational curriculum and clinical environment effect on ethical sensitivity. This study offer classification of ethical sensitivity barriers which provide background to further qualitative and quantitative researches.

Recent advances in the field of embryology/developmental biology and specifically, in stem cell research, have opened up a wide variety of benefits for humanity. While some forms of cloning and stem cell applications were initially prohibited, they have now gained conditional acceptance from many scientists and ethicists. Ethical issues of stem cell research are still the greatest concern not only among ethicists, but also among scientists, religious scholars, governments and politicians. In this article, various topics concerning the new embryology, including stem cell biology will be reviewed, and several alternative sources of pluripotent stem cells which have been implicated or suggested recently will be presented. The goal of these new proposals is to avoid embryo destruction, the main objection to embryonic stem cell research. This article also suggests that apart from ethical issues, most of the technology for human embryo-saving alternatives is not yet secure and should not be applied before thorough research in animals and in preclinical research stages has been carried out. The second part of the article explains the limited resources, technical complexity and unidirectional approach of the research on stem cells, which come mainly from females rather than males, which has advantages and disadvantages.

Surrogacy is using a women's uterus in order to establish another couples's egg. It has done in late 1970 for the first time. Some one believe that this method has solved Infertility problems in some degree this method can establish family structure and genetic dependency between children and parents are reserved but others believe that this is not a good method because stepchild's will be forgotten and it is so expensive also and there are many legal problems in this field. With using proper methods and solving legal problems, we can help parent's and children to accept this way of having children this procedure is helpful for infertile couples but we must consider ethical, legal and medical aspect in this field and find correct way to solving related problems.

Since years ago when Euthanasia was presented as an approach for decreasing patients’ pain and suffering, it faced to many legal and ethical challenges. A part from legal and jurisprudential debates, what is important for article authors is studying ethical permissible or impermissible, but as different ethical theories have different views to this issue, this article has attempted to study ethical aspects in deontology and Islamic ethics. The surveys indicate that passive voluntarily Euthanasia presented by Kant is different from suicide and its ethical permissible can be acceptable but the judgment about ethical permissible in Islamic system will be different and it depends to different expression that there are for inherent intellectual goodness and badness.