فصلنامه جامعه، فرهنگ، رسانه
پیاپی 3 (تابستان 1391)

The contribution and role of "science" and "technique" inadvancement of journalism is one of the long-standing and stillpresent issues in our world and press community. Althoughquestioning the ratio between "academic training", "professionalskills" and "practical experience", are historical questions, but theyhave an important place in future studies, too.Historically, the controversy between "scientific journalism" and"professional journalism" and also "idealist journalism" and"pragmatic journalism" has an ancient history, so the gaps anddissociations between these two forms of journalism can beconsidered as part of the press underdevelopment in Iran.In addition, the broad changes that have occurred by the influence ofthe new media and the development of information andcommunication technologies have opened new visions of journalismin both realms of science and opinion, and in the realm of technique."Journalism for future" is a part of "journalism for development". Soin the middle of these two historical and futurist necessities, we shouldknow what the new journalism training issues are and where weshould address them?This paper attempts to describe and classify two categories ofscientific journalism training and experimental journalism in threeinstitutions of "university", "skill increasing centers", and "Iranianpress" through a historical and comparative study.

The present paper addresses the pathology of local press from thestand point of professional journalism and the indicators ofdevelopmental journalism. The data used in this paper have beencollected from two separate studies done in 1390[2011] using contentanalysis method on local press of Khuzestan and Kurdistan provinces.A secondary analysis has been done on these data.The paper is based on the premise that the local press must observethe criteria of professional journalism and developmental journalismtogether to be able to fulfill their duties and responsibilities.Studies showed that the explored press was severely far from consideredcriteria except in special cases, while these cases are in doubt too.Paying no attention to the producing local content and meeting localissues and needs, negligence about procedure-driven genres injournalism, personalism and FT reputation, intense overcome of newselements of "what and who" over news elements of "why and how",very low level of developmental subjects in the investigatedpublications, no review about developmental plans, no respect foretiquettes, ceremonies, and local traditions were some of damages thatthis paper found with respect to the findings of the abovementionedstudies. Based on them, we have suggested doing a series of casestudies on local press all across the country and the allocation of cashsubsides to them with respect to the degree of closeness or distancefrom professional and developmental journalism principles. Also,training the directors, editors, and editorial board members must be onthe agenda, and more favorable environment must be prepared forlocal press activities.

This paper is derived from a study by survey method. The researchertries to address the problems facing journalism training in Iran- besidethe historical research of the topic- helping to expansion andadvancement of the journalism training and consequently, increasingthe efficiency of this training and attracting the graduates of this fieldin editorial board of newspapers. In this case, we will witness apositive transition in the professionalizing of the press, attractingreaders and increasing the circulation of the press as an importantindicator in country's cultural development. The proposed guidelinesto improve teaching condition include the following: Workshop andpractical training, employing experienced masters, launchingpublications for the university students to train in the collegepractically, press visits, adding new topics to the current courses,establishing new colleges in the field of communication sciences, newinformation and communication technologies, establishing newdisciplines such as: Media jurisprudence, crisis journalism, citizenjournalism.

In different organizations, including media organizations, the"director" has several responsibilities that "supervision" is one themost important duties. As a fact in these organizations the outlook, thestrategies and the goals are defined; timing, the costs and the means toachieve them are manifested in the precise and scientific planning.However, how could we make sure that the activities- as planned- andthe objectives- as the directors want them- will be realized?This is not possible without precise and ongoing scientificsupervision; so supervision as the last chain of managerialresponsibilities is very important and its application method affects allresponsibilities of the management.In this paper "Quiddity of supervision", "its difference in media andnon-media organizations", "news, reports and articles supervision,""the differences and similarities of supervision and evaluation" and"the criteria and models of supervision and evaluation" are searched.

The history of Iran has witnessed four periods of opening in the publicspace that has also affected the press beside other institutions andphenomena. Qualitative and quantitative development of the press inthe said terms is considered one of the first positive changes injournalism. On the other hand, if the press is affected by thedevelopment of public space, it also plays a role as an important factorto enhance and sustain it. This is done through reproduction ofsemantic system which requires the enhancement and growth ofpublic space. In this study, using discourse analysis, we studied fournewspapers during Constitutional Revolution (1285-1289 [1906-1910]), period of Prime Minister Dr. Mosadegh (1330-1332 [1951-1953]) (before revolution), victory of Islamic Revolution (1357-1358[1978-1979]), and the seventh presidency elections (1376-1380 [1997-2001]) (post-revolution), so that we can understand the semanticsystem generated by the newspapers and identify their similarities anddistinctions. The common feature of these periods is the developmentof public space and the common feature of the selected newspapers issupporting this space and trying to strengthen it. Since ConstitutionalRevolution, the results of the study show that articulation of semanticsystem of the newspapers has been reproduced in various ways duringdevelopment of public space and their similarities are more than thedifferences. "Law", "freedom" and "the people" have been the maincomponents of semantic system of the press during this period (1285to 1380 AH [1906-2001]).

Naming the fourth decade of the Islamic Revolution by its leadershipis a planning jump in the state planning system. Typically,development plans are designed and implemented based on thediscourse of that period. The discourse of the first decade of theIslamic Revolution, which contains valuable concepts rooted from theIslamic revolution, required value management that we witnessed itssubstantiated context in the holy defense. The discourse of the seconddecade of the Islamic Revolution was constructive discourse thatsummed up all its aims on the development of the economy. The peakof the second decade’s discourse was manifested in the thirddevelopment plan. The discourse of the third decade of the Islamicrevolution was the discourse of freedom that summarized all its aimsin political development. The peak of the discourse of the third decadewas manifested in the fourth development plan. In the fourth decadeof the Islamic Revolution, it is expected that the discourse of progressand justice would be dominant discourse of the society and the mainorientation of the fifth and sixth development plans; and look for thediscourse expansion and objective realization of this idea.In this paper we attempt to describe the circumstances ruling on thecultural field, particularly on the press, in the verge of the fourth decade,and find appropriate guidelines for this realm in order to achieve progressbased on justice. In the hierarchy of strategic policy making for progressand justice development program, the position of strategic requirementsare placed in correspondence with the main requirements of differentareas of the system, and at a lower level of the general policies and upperthan operating procedures. In fact, the strategic requirements show themain vision and framework of the relevant realm for planners of progressand justice. The method of compiling strategic requirements is based onmajor issues and challenges in the field of culture and press that will beprovided in the form of political predicates. In this study methodology isbased on an upstream and documentary research and also, finally,referring the strategic requirements of each field to the experts to beapproved or rejected.

In this paper we tried to review and study the formation of citizenjournalism in the virtual and alternative public sphere. As we know,human societies have more or less entered to the information societyand period of using new communication technologies; time when oneof its fundamental issues revolves around the media and its audiences.Where, unlike in the past, people are not passive, but also they areempowered to make decisions, and they can generate their owncontent. They are no longer the past passive audiences and they canchoose what they want and publish it through their own media. Whatwe are witnessing today is the content production cycle transfer frommainstream media to active audiences and their media. Such issuesrequire investigation of the broad concept called "citizen journalism".So we tried to do a descriptive study on this newfound phenomenonand the relevant concepts. Therefore, in this study using documentarymethod, we study the diffused comments in the books published inIran and abroad, publications, web sites and the views of scholarsabout citizen journalism. We can say that citizen journalism is a typeof journalism which often the amateur citizens outside the mediaorganization of the mainstream and official media produce its content,however, professional people also can be its content producers.