فصلنامه راهور
پیاپی 17 (بهار 1391)

Today the rapid growth and development of cities has caused remarkable evolutions in the quality of its application, which in turn have proposed new problems and needs in the field of urban planning. Kermanshah as one of the large metropolises is not excluded from this condition considering the unplanning development in recent years and excessive concentration and congestion of different usages specially in health and care services have encountered with some problems including transportation systems and lack of parking lot; and regarding mutual connection between special construction and available transportation systems as connective means of usages in city as determiners of traffic behaviour and urban traffic extent should be paid into attention. This study is done with the purpose of identifying the consequences of the improper distribution of usages (medical services) on urban traffic and its quality in the downtown of Kermanshah. The kind of research is developing – applicative and its study method is analytic descriptive and survey. The procedure of data collection has been documentary and questionnaire. This study concludes that localization of health and care usages in Kermanshah city have not been based on the regulations and principles of urbanization and planning - and have not such proper distribution that high concentration of these usages in an area of downtown causes interruption of them in. have had their performance in this region and improper accessibility of the most large domain of other urban regions to these usages. This concentration have had the most effective impact on leading daily trips to this part of city. Therefore, most of the traffic problems of central part of the city stems from this displacement.

One of the most remarkable and important consequences of traffic accidents, often neglected, are the damages and casualties in these accidents. A community’s general safety is such a demanding challenge to meet, which requires coordinated and integrated efforts in launching preemptive plans and measures. Everyday people come across different and various systems, among which traffic systems are not only most complicated systems but also deemed as the most dangerous ones as well. Hence, this study aims at identifying the causes of car crashes on Isfahan highways between 2009 and 2010 within the city perimeter, calculating the efficacy of each functioning factor in these accidents, analyzing the spatial distribution of the accidents on the specific highways, and proposing guidelines and solutions for reducing the effective factors of accidents. In carrying out the study, the researcher adopts analytic-descriptive and survey methods and approaches the research by spatial analysis using GeographicInformation System (GIS). Regarding research hypothesis, this study also tries to investigate the most common causes of accidents, and explores relationship between violation of speed limit and severity of accidents. The results of the research reveal that the most common causes of accidents on Isfahan highways (within the city) are: inattention to the right of way (priority), failure to observe safe longitudinal distance between two vehicles, and distraction. Although speeding and overtaking do not account for a significant percentage of the accidents, the consequences and intensity of these accidents are very shocking. Inarguably most of the accidents resulting in the death of drivers and passengers are consequences of speeding and overtaking in routes where such acts are forbidden. The faster a car moves, the more severe is the accident, while the more aged is the drivers, the less possible is the occurrence of accidents. Most accidents happen in the age group ranging from 18 to 35 years. Finally with recourse to density function analysis of spatial analysis using Geographic Information System (GIS), frequency of occurrence of accidents on the highways is investigated and required data is elicited. The researcher comes to the conclusion that these highways in Isfahan, namely Shahid Khararzi, khayam, ZobAhan and Shahid Agharebparast have the highest occurrence of accident while other highways, Isfahan Eastern Highway, Shahid Hemat and Shahid Sayyad Shirazi have the least incidents of crashes.

The main cause of many accidents is human and in many cases a driver commits on offence. Regarding heavy costs of traffic accidents and allocating a remarkable part of Iranian GNP to this problem, traffic violations and accidents as its consequences should be decreased. One of the important accessible ways for this purpose is to fine violating drivers. The fines have various types and extents and determining its kind and extents is of paramount importance. The aim of this research is to study crash and non-crash fines in iran and other countries in comparison with 14 selected countries. The results of the research conclude that crash fines level in iran in comparison with other countries is low, but the fines ratio to average income of people is almost high. However, the high number of traffic violations in iran and heavy costs exposed by the accidents, justify unbalanced ratio of fines and individuals income. in order to reduce the violations number, we can even increase fines level for short and medium term periods in this way observing traffic regulations can be considered as a norm and habit in society. Reviewing non-crash fines in iran in comparison with index countries, also represents that these fines need to be revised and studied by experts so that more detailed heavy rules can be enforced. Importance of working on demerit points is due to better effective of this fines and their independence to individuals in come.

After many years, traffic laws has been revised. Traffic laws is up-to-dated by using traffic police experiences and lesson learnt from other countries. This study aimed to determine road user view points about new traffic laws fraction.It view point of research type, the present study is practical and is a cross sectional field study. Totally 801 subjects, 241 traffic experts and authorities and 560 drivers of public and private transportation were studied. Drivers were selected by quota and purposive sampling randomly in urban and rural roads. This study indicates that Mean ± SD experts, ages was 8.6 ±35.5 and drivers, was 10.5 ±37. Based on subject opinion the superiority and effectivenss of new regulation were fine in creasing, negative score for fraction and arrestment for two simultaneous fractions. Regarding compliance of fine with the level of income %70.9 of traffic experts and authorities express that it was incompatible. %75.9 of traffic experts and authorities and %66.8 of drivers had moderate and high satisfaction with new traffic regulation. A negative significant correlation was observed between satisfaction with new regulation and the amount of fine (r= - 0.28, p<0.001) and fraction decreasing(r= - 0., p<0.001). This research concludes that new traffic laws created valuable opportunities to reduce fractions, wound and fatalities caused by traffic injuries and the majority of drivers, traffic expert and authorities, positive attitude can be appropriate supporter to effectiveness of new traffic laws. Severity, continuously and completed police enfoprcement, to implement the new traffic laws plus promotion of road users satisfactions is a fundamental point to increasing success of new traffic laws to fatal and non-fatal road traffic injury prevention.

The recent study was done for the aim of studing and detecting management guidelines for the solution of traffic problems in Tonekabon city among the northem cities of Mazandaran province. The categorized sampling procedure is being used for selecting samples. Data collected the result of the study represents that the share of personal vehicle is %95 and public vehicles is only %5 of available cars in Tonekabon city. The findings also show all social, economic, cultural, environ mental and administrative problems of citizen and studied geographical location as effective factors in traffic crisis play important roles. The findings represent sever inclination of people to personal vehicles. The responders view point.

Negligence to the traffic rules and law breaking regarded as one of the causes of traffic accidents and problems always in all societies that depend on cultural, social, economical and geographical context and its extent and kind will different. Although the role of enviromental phenomena is important but the role of human is the effective factor in decreasing and removing other errors and shortages. This article through practical data searching on the traffic violations data to has studied the ways of recognizing high risk drivers and if it is possible, through knowing the violations records and environmental and personal features, to identify them and ratify traffic rules for reducing traffic violations. In the way of applying categorization method in data searching two techniques including nervous networks and decision tree in violations information have been used. And in the end, to improve the results, combination approach including categorization and decision tree techniques have been used.

Among urban road users, pedestrians are the most vulnerable group which is exposed to many serious risks. Death or serious injuries is inevitable from the collision between a vehicle and a pedestrian. From other hand, all civilians use this mode of transport almost every day. So, considering the safety of pedestrians can be very important and is always is one of the main challenges of urban authorities. The safety of pedestrian is a challenge which should be considered with urban transportation studies. Recent researches show that improving pedestrian safety facilities, especially crosswalks, has a great impact on enhancing safety and reducing pedestrian collisions. So, using urban codes in designing and locating pedestrian crosswalks can be very useful. In this research, after discussing the requirements for pedestrian crosswalks, the shortcomings are presented and are categorized. Then, with field surveying in region 3 of Tehran municipality, the numbers of each shortcoming was defined and evaluated. In conclusion the pros and cons for each crosswalk was defined and priotrized.