فصلنامه راهور
پیاپی 2 (تابستان 1387)

High volume of wornout vehicles and their environmental effects, encourage us to find a solution in order to have on effective policy to control environmental effects of wornout vehicles. Here, we try to discuss about determining factors to develop this policy and correct wornout vehicles. According to the studies on recovery methods of wornout vehhicles some factors find effective: responsibility of vehicle manufacturers and role of responsible, collection methods, setting recovery goals, re-use wornout vehicles, stable financial mechanisms, cooperation and coordination among related factors, regulation of their application,… Elimination of wornout vehicles of transportation systems of Iran, on 2000, is introduced. According to the first programs, during five years, about 600/000 to 700/000 wornout vehhicles should be eliminated. In Iran, there are two kinds of correction systems. In number one system, the last owner, introduce the vehicle to the authorized centers and this vehhicle eliminates, wreckers buy the vehicle from the last owner and its usable components recover and sell. Finally, other useless components bury. Environmental items are not observed in this method. In number two system, the last owner introduces the vehicle to the manufacturers and gives some money and a new vehicle and facility instead of it. Two great manufacturers of Iran, “saipa and Iran khodro”, use this method. The last systtem, start it’s work to collect wornout vehicles and correction procedures is not applied yet.

5M analysis is a solving tool that used in many engineering cases. With regards to its multilateral view in solve problem. This method has effective applicable in studding and origin difficulties and extend and complex unadaptation. In this essay we try to present an analysis about one of these effective fivefold in appearing traffic difficulties.

Today in big cities of the world, public transportation networks, have an important role in solving traffic difficulties and decreasing environmental life pollution. Generally these systems include bus lines, rail road line and complementary systems. One of the main aims in designing and planning public transportation network is increasing of desirability of them especially decreasing of waiting time of passengers in stations and exchanging travel place. The aim of this essay is investigating of decreasing methods of optimization public transportation networks with the suggestion of extension and application of them in public transportation network in Tehran especially after extension of Metro and BRT lines.

Considering limited resources of the country, increase of urban road network capacity is not a good solution to reduce urban road traffic and better use of facilities. Here, we explain various methods of urban travel management. So, these methods divide into two main groups: supply management – demand management, and then. We explain a brief description of each method. We should consider that application of different methods of traffic management is differeent, due to the situation of cities. So, move studies show that better management methods could be selected and applied according to the special features of cities. Also, in order to increase the effectiveness of traffic management methods in this study, some of these methods should apply together. For instance, correction of private transportation and limited traffic zones for private vehhicles is not effective without developing public transportation system. So, recognition of various traffic management methods and their application in cities to have a better urban road traffic and developing public transportation system and limited developing of urban road network, have a duplicate effect to reduce traffic effects on urban roads.

In recent decade considerable advance of computer processing causes more advance in picture processing techniques. One of the most applicable techniques is Automatic distinction of vehicle number plate. Whereas the number of vehicle plate is one of the best and appropriate things for distinction of identity of vehicle. Today this technique has more applicable in the world and substructure of intelligent and security traffic systems. Fortunately this technique becomes native and produced and operated in our country. Nowadays many organization use from Basic distinction of vehicle number plate technniques and then explain many applicable of its especially receiving tool and controlling dense traffic area.

Automatic vehicle location (AVL) is a system for locating, managing and designing of vehicle system. One of the application of Automatic vehicle location in public transportattion is urban bus system. And can to analysis data that receive from transportation traffic speciality and subsystem of Automatic vehicle location and then use from it for forecastiing bus arrival time and informed to passengers. This essay to pay the quality of mobility Automatic vehicle position by Global position system and present a model for forecasting vehicle mobility with estimating arrival time to station by using from Automatic vehicle location data system.

Here, we explain geographical positioning system and its application. In the past, when there wasn’t advanced technology, people tourists specially, couldn’t find their exact place specially in other cities and countries, and even they had lost themselves on seas and deserts. In the world of yesterday, people used stars, compass, and other natural factors to find their ways. All of these items, guided people in the past, but today, geographical compplexities such as cities, streets,… makes these previous items useless. In this condition, by development of various technologies, a modern satellite system solves this problem, that is geographical positioning system (GPS). In fact, today’s world is a world that not one lost there, and everything can be found there. This power is provided by recognition systems, satellites, computers … we usually find “GPS” as a system to find the position, while GPS can also show the time exactly. So, why shouldn’t we use it to synchronize different systems? Now, GPS uses to adjust the time of computer networks, calibrating transportation systems, synchronize systems of mobile pictures’ introduction, etc… the best way to determine the exact time of year change is GPS. GPS can measure its distance to GPS satellites. Here, different components of GPS will explain and effective factors of its accuracy and its application will define.

In the last years of 20th century, buying automobiles all over the world, in Iran speciallly increases so much. As a result, traffic, pollution, noise, excessive use of dissolvable resources of energy and material, and some others environmental damages introduce, which can be dangerous in the future. In developing countries such as Iran, this is more obvious due to some factors such as weakness in the existing traffic systems, unreasonaable road maintenance, and bad use of vehicles. Introduction of suitable public traffic systems and their use to optimize the existing condittion is one of the ways to improve the condition. With the aim of reducing congestion at city centers, these systems are more effective than any other motor vehicles, according to its energy supply (km/h). Common transportation items at most cities are available which are metro, urban bus, light rail train (LRT). Metros have the ability to transport high volume of passengers inside cities, also they have high speed and regular programs, while they cost so much. Buses are cheaper and more flexible, acceptable volume of passenger transportation, but they seem weaker, LRTs can use in wide range, they are cheaper than metro and seems better than bus and also have more capacity. This study shows that how most of environmmental and pollution problems are related to transportation systems and why optimizing fuel use have not a considerable effect on it alone. Here, it shows that these problems are not related just to the developed and industrial countries, but there are in developing countries as well. And they damage not only their own country, but also the world. We should correct urban substructures in these countries. Finally, we suggest some easy and enforcement policies to optimize public transportation systems at less developed countries (LDCs) such as Iran.

Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are responsible for a majority of morbidity and mortality and are accountable for more years of life lost than most of human diseases. In this paper, the behavioral factors that collectively represent the principal cause of RTIs are delineated and contribute to the causation of most of the remaining. Although sharp distinctions are not always possible, a classification of behavioral factors is both necessary and feasible. Thus, behavioral factors can be recognized as (a) those that reduce capability on a long term basis (inexperience, aging, disease and disability, drug abuse), (b) those that reduce capability on a short-term basis (sleepiness, fatigue, short term drug effects, binge eating, acute psychological stress), (c) those that promote risk taking behavior with long term impact (overestimation of capabilities, macho attitude, habitual speeding, habitual disrregard of traffic regulations, offensive driving behavior, non-use of seat belt or helmet, inappropriate sitting while driving, accident proneness) and (d) those that promote risk taking behavior with short-term impact (psychotropic drugs, motor vehicle crime, suiccidal behavior, compulsive acts). The classification aims to assist in the conceptualization of the problem that may also contribute to behavior modification-based efforts. Behaviioral factors are important issues that should be considered on the basis of a health and biomedical approach to prevent and control RTIs.