فصلنامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 23، بهار 1392)

In general, term of profession put equal to job and business, but in fact profession is considered for those who have fundamental knowledge along with official oath and obliged to serious principle and ethical codes.Members of profession, are those who have a noble mission and are accountable to the respective organization responsible for their training and education, and to the society in which their services are considered as honorable, according to bylaws or “code of ethics” of the committed. this paper deals with differentiation between "Traditional professions", "New professions" and "governmental professions", based on differences identified in all three cases.

Nowadays, one of the most important issues in management is that "management issues does not mean without concern to values and ethics in the organization", on the other hand static models, because of natural and human systems dynamics, are not appropriate and however because of the today rapid changes and transformations, need for dynamic models of such systems is felt more than ever. This article is an attempt to justify the need for dynamic models (Operational Research Model) by studying the logical process of events, and then we describe how dynamics (ethics) entry to model. we have expressed three different approaches about ethics and OR: ethics In, On and beyond OR models. It has been tried to avoid from offering a limited approach which claim that it is complete in all circumstances.

. Although the main organizational goals is increasing employees efficiency as well as revenue increase, but they should show a proper response to ethical principles and social expectations for success accomplishment, and in addition they should incorporate this organizational economic goals with those expectations to increase their chances of achievement towards further objectives. On the other hand, most organizations use a set of interrelated strategies, each designed in a different organizational level, rather than adopting a single comprehensive strategy. There are cogent evidences that show proper compatibility and alignment between the corporate, business and functional strategies cause to raise organizational efficiency. Among these, coordination between human resources strategies and ethical decision making methods can have influential effect on organizational performance. This article, based on Strategic reference point theory, examine relationship between human resources strategies and ethical decision making methods for improvement of organization performance. So, first of all, parallel to providing ethics, human resources and culture strategies conceptual definition we pay attention to various kinds of ethical decision making strategies and their relationship, and to be placed the basis of coordination. Finally with consideration and coordination between these three factors, the conceptual model will be presented. Based on presented model in this article, coordination between human resources strategies and ethical decision strategies can increase performance.. For building strategic coordination three major guidelines could be used: Rational models, natural models and strategic reference points models. Organizations can choose the best strategies according to their existing situation in accordance with strategic reference points.

Job satisfaction is one of the challenging issues in management of human resources and is of high importance in any organization which aims to serve its employees by creating a proper ethical climate. The most important expectation from this organization would be creating job satisfaction among its employees in an ethical climate with no prejudice. This study used a descriptive correlation method. In this regard, standard ethical climate questionnaire and along with researcher’s job satisfaction questionnaire adapted from standard model was used as instrument. Target groups consisted of all Urmia university staffs in 1390, among them 234 samples were selected, according to the each faculty population, using stratified random sampling. Findings suggested that there was a positive and significant relationship between ethical climate and job satisfaction parameters. Also, they suggested that the ethical climate (i.e. ethics of attention, ethics of independence, ethical rules and professional and external regulations of organization, and ethics of implementation), could predict job satisfaction positively and significantly. The study of ethical climate parameters which have the most beneficial services in scientific fields towards the society is of great importance and it is one of the determining factors of job satisfaction in creating effective ethical climate in which special attention should be paid to the salary, job richness, rapport with colleagues and supervisors.

Non-task behaviors can be defined as voluntary and spontaneous behaviors that extend beyond employee's normal job duties. Therefore, non-task behaviors impact on organizations of both negative deviant workplace and positive deviant workplace behaviors therefore, aims to explore the relations between organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and deviant workplace behavior (DWB) with teaching satisfaction in University. This study was descriptive research and classified as correlation studies that was conducted in 1390. The statistical sample of this study consists of masters and students from Islamic Azad University Khorasgan Branch from which 207 (69 master and 138 student) were selected. To collect the research data, two different types of questionnaires was used, such as; 1- Non-task behaviors Assessment (2008) (Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Organization/ Colleagues/ Students) and Deviant Workplace Behavior (Organization/ Colleagues/ Students)), 2- Teaching Satisfaction Inventory (1997). For estimating reliability, Cronbach's Alpha tests were used. For analysis of research data was used software SPSS 18. The findings revealed that, there are significant correlation (P<0/01 and P<0/05) between DWB-Organization and Teaching Satisfaction (r = 0/242), OCB-Colleagues and Teaching Satisfaction (r = 0/211), DWB-Students and Teaching Satisfaction (r = 0/204) and OCB-Students and Teaching Satisfaction (r = 0/157). Also, components of OCB (Organization/ Colleagues/ Students) and DWB (Organization/ Colleagues/ Students) have had the power of prediction of teaching satisfaction. Non-task behaviors impact on teaching satisfaction; which this finding confirms that, fundamental impact of negative and positive behaviors in the workplace on quality teaching satisfaction and consequently result of this is progress of organizational goals.

The topic of ethics in manufacturing process refers to compliance of ethical dimensions in manufacturing systems. In the other words, in production systems, besides improving efficiency, the function of ethics is one of the important issues. Due to this, the goal of this research is to show the impact of production process maturity on environmental protection and, employees’ safety and development as two dimensions of ethics. In this article three variables are tested in level of organization that includes: maturity of production process, environmental protection, and safety and development of employees. For gathering data from production units, we used questioner which based on literature review. The data from sample of research, include 110 production units in Mashhad, was analyzed by the structural equation modeling and then the actual model of research was presented. Base on results, maturity of production process has negative direct effect on environmental protection and has no effect on employees’ safety and development With move from craft production system to continues flow system, environmental protection will reduce but type and direction effect of maturity production process on employees’ safety and development is not clear And conclusions in this area requires further experimental investigation.

Today, with the increasing development of computer and Internet use and capabilities in the world and expand information and communication technologies, threats of misuse also have increased. However, immoral issues Cyberspace and analyzed the factors affecting it can be important. this paper aimed to study of the demographic's Internet users in information technology centers of Yazd province and their impact on ethical behavior. A questionnaire to collect data on 20 components of Internet crime has been used. The results show the gap between moral beliefs and behavioral performance of Internet users in the city of Yazd is not significant. So, the results of this study suggest that between behavioral performance and gender, field of study, educational level and the time they use the Internet is a significant relationship and marital status and age group are not affected on behavior performance. by the study of effect of some demographic variables on utilize the internet, the authorities will help to improve these variables and thus correct use of Internet.

Be with more complicated organizations, increasingly and increase action unethical, unfair and irresponsible business, managers need to consider to building trust in organization and also moral intelligence that can describe well boundary between philanthropy and Altruism and selfishness. Leaders with high moral intelligence, coordinate their actions are consistent with the values and opinions, and always do things with the ethics of transplantation. More importantly Leaders with strong moral intelligence can build the trust that are the foundation of truly great businesses and also can be improved competitive advantage and Profitability and confidence in the business. This study investigate relationship between managers, moral intelligence and their building trust in the executive organizations of Kerman city Statistical Community Study were managers and senior vice president of the organization (228). That 190 people who responded to the questionnaire. Moral intelligence and building trust are measured by two questionnaires administrators'. The Pearson correlation and linear regression used for hypothesis testing and it is used log linear analysis and regression analysis by SPSS software. The obtained results show that between moral intelligence and building trust variables exists the significant and direct relationship and with high moral intelligence scores increase managers building trust scores. Also, between moral intelligence and deep and unwavering trust and based on honesty trust and comprehensive trust and stable trust and mutual trust exists significant and direct relationship. one of the factors affecting on the building trust of managers is their moral intelligence and moral intelligence also affect on all components building trust leaders. Finally, with respect to the research results, suggestions were proposed for other researchers and organization managers.

Necessity of recognition of the influential factors and prevention ways of the extending of cheating has attracted dramatic growth in the amount of scientific researches concerning student's perceptions of expected costs and incentives of cheating. Moreover investigation of rates of three dimensions of exams cheating, paper cheating, home work cheating, the main object of present research by rational choice theory is study of significant factors related to students rational decisions on participant in cheating behaviors. The present study research method, with stratified random sampling, was survey and data collections instrument was self-administered questionnaire, which employed among 408 persons, that consisted of the male and female students of the eight faculty of Urumieh University. Research instrument also, is questionnaire which made by researchers, that measured rates and rational choice theory influential variables on participant in cheating behaviors. Descriptive finding shows amount of both of three dimensions of the cheating and also sum of cheating behaviors among student was low. In addition, exams cheating were prevalent form of cheating among students. Also, analytical finding shows, that among three variables of rational choice theory, whereas both of benefits and deviant opportunity of cheating has a positive and significant relation with cheating, relation between students’ moral beliefs with depend variable were negative and significant. Increasing of utilities of participant in cheating and lack of preventive policies has been causes of cheating behaviors increasing among academic students. However, it seen that extending and concreting of scientific morals in universities spheres, moreover of decreasing of individual motivation and enhancing moral beliefs in micro level, could be useful in concerting of universities macro and structural policies for prevent of extending of cheating behaviors.