مجله دانشکده دندان پزشکی اصفهان
سال نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 38، امرداد 1392)

Treatment of oral candidiasis with mouthwashes has several advantages. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a new fluconazole suspension on the Candida albicans and compare its effects with those of nystatin. In the present in vitro study 10-mg/mL fluconazole mouthwash was formulated in an aqueous suspension. Brookfield viscometer was used to determine particle size and shape for the suspension formulation prepared and the dissolution process of foreign suspension was evaluated. Nystatin suspension (100،000 U/mL) available on the market was used in this study. PTCC5027 standard strains of Candida albicans were provided by the Iranian Collection Center for Infectious Bacteria and Fungi. Clinical samples of Candida albicans were exposed to fluconazole and nystatin suspensions by flow cytometry and macrodilution methods. Experimental results were recorded and analyzed by descriptive-observational method. MICs for both fluconazole and nystatin suspensions were measured. The results showed that 10-mg/mL nystatin and fluconazole suspensions are able to eliminate Candida albicans. MICs for fluconazole and nystatin suspensions were and respectively. Both fluconazole and nystatin suspensions were able to eliminate Candida albicans at a concentration of 10-mg/mL but the results of MIC showed that nystatin had a more potent effect at lower concentrations compared to fluconazole and fluconazole had no particular superiority over nystatin in this respect.

During application of bleaching materials، they may come into contact with existing amalgam restorations resulting in changes in amalgam structure. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of rebonding and bleaching on the release of metallic ions and microstractures of admixed and spherical amalgams. This experimental in vitro study was performed on 96 Class V cavities (3. 5 mm in length، 2 mm in width and depth) prepared on sound human premolars and restored with amalgams containing spherical and admixed particles. In half of the samples of each amalgam type rebonding procedure was carried out with Scotchbond Multi-purpose adhesive system and Guardian Seal resin sealant. Then half of the amalgam restorations، with or without rebonding، were exposed to 30% carbamide peroxide (n = 12). The amount of metallic ions released from amalgams was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Surface topography and compositions of two samples in each group were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data were analyzed by t-test and multivariate ANOVA (α = 0. 05). 30% carbamide peroxide gel caused a significant increase in Hg released from amalgams in non-rebonded groups (p value < 0. 001). There was no significant difference in ion release from spherical and admixed amalgams (p value = 0. 73). Rebonding resulted in significant reduction in Hg release (p value = 0. 007). Exposure of spherical and admixed amalgams to 30% carbamide peroxide gel، without rebonding، caused a significant increase in Hg release from amalgam and changed amalgam microstructure.

One of the benefits of digital radiographs is the ability to process the image with software programs and increase the accuracy of diagnosis with image processing options. The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of noise reduction on assessment of apical root resorption in enhanced digital radiographs processed by SCANORA software. In the present experimental study، 60 extracted lower premolars with sound roots were used. The teeth were fixed in a dry human mandible for radiographic evaluation. Digital radiographs were taken before and after artificial external root resorption on the mesial side of the apical third by a #¼ round bur and transferred to SCANORA software. Then all the radiographs were examined by one radiologist twice، with and without the option of noise reduction، with a one-week interval between the readings. The radiographs were scored in two groups: 0 and 1، without and with root resorption، respectively. Resorptions were measured by Williams probe and considered as the gold standard. Data collected from the digital radiographs were processed and the gold standard values were analyzed by SPSS 11. 5 using McNemar and Cochran tests (α = 0. 05). There were significant differences in frequencies of detection of root resorption between the three groups (standard، processed with the noise reduction option and processed without the noise reduction option) (p value < 0. 001). There were no significant differences between the group processed with the noise reduction option and the group processed without the noise reduction option (p value = 0. 774). Based on the results of this study application of noise reduction option in SCANORA software has no effect on the diagnosis of periapical lesions.

Lichen planus (LP) is a relatively common chronic dermato-mucosal disease that affects the oral mucosa. The etiology and pathogenesis of LP is not fully understood. Some evidence indicates that humoral immunity may play a part in the development and progression of LP. This study was undertaken to evaluate the serum levels of immunoglobulins (IgG، IgM and IgA) in ulcerative and non-ulcerative OLP and compare them with a control group. In the present study 25 patients with ulcerative OLP، 25 patients with non-ulcerative OLP and 25 healthy individuals as the control group were evaluated. Serum levels of immunoglobulins were determined and one-way ANOVA was employed to compare mean differences، using SPSS 16 (α = 0. 05). According to one-way ANOVA mean levels of IgG in the ulcerative، non-ulcerative and control groups were 14. 10 ± 1. 76، 9. 79 ± 1. 67 and 8. 48 ± 0. 95، respectively، with higher levels of IgG in the ulcerative group compared to non-ulcerative and control groups (p value < 0. 001). The mean IgM and IgA levels were not significantly different between the different groups under study (p value > 0. 05). Based on the results of the present study، although increased levels of serum IgG were seen in patients with ulcerative lesions، there were no significant differences in serum levels of IgM and IgA between patients with ulcerated and non-ulcerative LP and healthy individuals.

Inferior alveolar nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the mandible and its teeth. Knowledge about the exact location of mandibular foramen is very important due to its important role in the success of mandibular block injection and possibility of nerve injuries during oral and maxillofacial surgeries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of panoramic radiographs in determining the location of mandibular foramen. Materials and M In this random cross-sectional study 50 panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiograms were collected from patients، 20‒50 years of age، referring to Afzal Dental Clinic in Esfahan in spring 2012. Measurements were taken by a caliper from the center of the foramen to the occlusal plane and anterior border of ramus. Data was analyzed by t-test and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) using SPSS 11. 5 (α=0. 05). According to t-test، mean distances from the center of the foramen to the occlusal plane (p value = 0. 04) and to the anterior border of ramus (p value < 0. 001) on panoramic radiographs were significantly greater than the actual distances measured on lateral cephalograms. In addition، there were similarities between the distances from the mandibular foramen to the occlusal plane (p value < 0. 001، r = 0. 8315) and the anterior border of ramus (p value < 0. 001، r = 0. 9126) on panoramic radiographs and the actual distances measured on lateral cephalograms. Under the limitations of the present study، it can be concluded that measurements on panoramic radiographs are similar to those on lateral cephalograms in both anteroposterior and vertical dimensions and on the condition that radiographic principles are observed they can be used to determine the location of mandibular foramen.

The aim of this study was to evaluate motorcyclists’ attitudes and performance in relation to high-risk and safe behaviors and their relationship with maxillofacial injuries in Isfahan، Iran in 2011. This study was conducted on 385 motorcyclists randomly selected from 5 high-traffic circuses in Isfahan. Data were collected through interviews and included background factors، history of accidents and injuries، motorcyclists’ attitude toward crash helmets and motorcycling risks، and breaking traffic rules. Data were analyzed with SPSS 11. 5، using descriptive statistics and chi-squared test. The motorcyclists had positive attitudes toward the factors evaluated; however، such attitudes had no effect on reducing accidents and injuries and increasing use of crash helmets. Only 22% of the subjects reported regular use of crash helmets. Older motorcyclists، married ones، those who had children، and those with lower rate of traffic offences reported greater use of crash helmets (p value < 0. 005). Seeing someone involved in an accident، causing head injury، was the most important motivational factor for motorcyclists to start using crash helmets، whereas heat، poor ventilation، and limited visibility were the most important factors for not wearing crash helmets. Generally، motorcyclists who reported more traffic violations had more accidents and maxillofacial traumas. Despite positive attitudes، only a small number of motorcyclists use helmets. It is necessary to evaluate motivational factors involved in the use of crash helmets and negative factors precluding their use to promote health and safety.

Few studies have assessed the prevalence of taurodontism in Iranian populations. The aim of this descriptive study was to investigate the frequency of taurodont teeth among dental patients attending two radiology centers in Tehran، Iran. In this descriptive cross-sectional study، panoramic radiographs of 150 men and 150 women were obtained from two radiology centers in Tehran، and the prevalence of taurodontism was evaluated in those radiographs by a dental practitioner. Data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 16 using chi-squared test (α = 0. 05). Prevalence of taurodontism was 5. 7% in this study (6. 7% in women، 4. 7% in men). Chi-squared test did not show significant differences in the prevalence of this anomaly between men and women (p value = 0. 623). The difference between jaws was not significant either (p value = 0. 098). In addition، the difference in the prevalence of taurodontism among molars was not statistically significant (p value = 0. 060). The prevalence of taurodontism in the population under study was similar to that reported by researchers in Iran and others in white populations.

Senior students of dentistry are known as those students who have finished all the theoretical and practical courses required to be able to detect carious lesions. Intraoral bite-wing radiographs are the most accurate radiographs for detecting interproximal carious lesions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of senior students of dentistry to detect carious lesions on conventional bite-wing radiographs. In this study descriptive/analytical study easy sampling technique was employed to select 551 interproximal surfaces on bite-wing radiographs. Two experienced dental practitioners detected carious lesions on the radiographs. Then the radiographs were assessed by 42 senior dentistry students (19 males and 23 females) and their reports were recorded. The results of assessments made by the students were evaluated by SPSS 11. 5 using descriptive statistics، Cohen''s kappa، paired t-test and ICC، and sensitivity and specificity values were determined (α = 0. 05). Kappa correlation coefficient for inter-student agreement and correct diagnoses was 0. 22 (p value = 0. 01); paired t-test correlation coefficient for the effect of gender on correct diagnosis was 0. 31 (p value = 0. 001); sensitivity was 0. 234 and specificity was 0. 969; false positive and false negative results were 3% and 76. 5%، respectively. Mean percentages of correct diagnoses in the enamel and dentin were 22% and 23%، respectively. Under the limitations of the present study، it was concluded that the majority of teeth requiring restoration or other care measures based on radiographic evaluations are overlooked by senior dental students. On the other hand، the majority of sound teeth from a radiographic viewpoint are not erroneously diagnosed.

Use of growth factors has been evaluated in regenerative treatments and it has been shown that they are effective in proliferation، chemotaxis، differentiation، and synthesis of extracellular matrix and cells responsible for wound healing، enhancing the repair and regeneration of the periodontium. The aim of this literature review is to evaluate the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in combination with different graft materials، with and without membranes، in regenerative therapy of intrabony defects. Review of Report: Electronic search was carried out in PUBMED and MEDLINE for randomized clinical trials which have used platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of intrabony defects with a minimum follow-up period of 6 months. Articles were collected until the end of April 2011. Inclusion criteria in the evaluated research studies consisted of defects at least 3 mm in depth and pockets at least 5 mm in depth. Twenty articles were confirmed and evaluated in this review. The parameters evaluated were probing depth changes، defect fill and an increase in clinical attachment level. Within the limitations of studies carried out in this respect it can be concluded that use of PRP has not exert a positive adjunctive effect on improving clinical parameters in regenerative treatments of intrabony defects when used in combination with membranes; however، when it has not been used with a membrane، use of PRP along with bone grafts has led to positive results.

Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone results in hyperparathyroidism which is classified into primary، secondary and tertiary categories. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism develops rarely in some patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to long-term and persistent renal disease and consequently autonomous hyperplasia or adenoma of one or more parathyroid glands. Classic triad signs of hyperparathyroidism، including renal stones، osseous changes and duodenal ulcers are also observed in this type. Sometimes giant cell granulomas of jaws are related to hyperparathyroidism. Case report: The patient was a 56-year-old female complaining of a prominent lesion in the left mandibular body. The medical history of the patient indicated chronic renal disease. Based on clinical، laboratory، radiographic and histopathological findings، a diagnosis of giant cell granuloma related to hyperparathyroidism was suggested. In secondary hyperparathyroidism that develops in renal patients or patients undergoing long-term dialysis، blood calcium levels are normal or below normal، but phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels increase. In tertiary hyperparathyroidism، similar to primary hyperparathyroidism، calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels increase but phosphorus levels decrease. In all types of hyperparathyroidism، osseous changes occur، the most significant of which is giant cell granuloma.