فصلنامه اخلاق پزشکی
پیاپی 11 (بهار 1389)

Human genetic information and data considered as very importantresources because of their ability to show genetic characteris of people and their ability of great influence on family, children, and also social groups. Also they may include information that their values are not completely recognized by the time of data gathering and sampling. Although the possibility of data misuse (Political, social,…) may lead to social, individual and even racial discrimination. This review article tries to consider different ethical aspects of genetic researches in the new world condition and recall, the need for more activities in developing countries such as Islamic Republic of Iran in exploring ethical, legal and jurisprudential underpinnings of such developments and also the need for developing standards and ethical codes, passing laws and national acts, and planning executive and procedural approaches for implementation, assessment and management of social, scientific and research bodies and organization which are active in this field.

Gene therapy is a new arena in which the treatment of many human diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease can be achieved by using knowledge of genetic engineering. This kind of treatment is very young and its use goes back to about two decades before. It is in close communication and interaction with other fields like medicine, biology, ethics, law, philosophy, religion, politics and social issues and is still in its early stages of progress. Along with therapeutic effectiveness and the significant developments in this field of science, there are some problems in using this method like as developing viral infections, the financial costs, the need for repeating procedures, possible misuse of gene therapy as a weapon, allowing it to exploit a phenomenon called eugenics and custom children. Gene Therapy as a treatment is introduced (as described in the article) and close observation of gene therapy from Medical, ethical and legal view points are necessary and require continuous monitoring and legitimating it. The beneficial effects of this therapy and bitter experience of improper use of these methods in medical history shows how much we need ethical and legal attention in this field.

Biobanks are an essential and important tool of genetic epidemiologyand screening. Biobanks cacould investigates the roles, effects and influences of genetic factors and their interaction with environmental factors such as nutrition, stress, etc (in a broad meaning) for the occurrence of behaviors, health conditions, diseases, and quality of life in human populations. Biobanks aims are to understand the influence and impact of genetics parameters on the development of behaviors, health conditions, diseases, and quality of life, their courseand the clinical implications, with the final goal to improve prevention, diagnostics and therapy. The unexpected progress of genetics fields in the last two decades - with respect to the understanding of the meaning of genes for human health, as well as the availability of cost-effective high throughput methods in the laband techniques, has opened massive opportunities to study geneticfactors and their influence in human health condition. In addition, forestablishment of a effective biobank access to large cases and samples of patients or from the population is needed. This can be realized via collaboration of several biobanks. Large biobanks with 500,000 or more participants are being established or planned in the UK, Japan, Iceland, Taiwan, Canada, Australia, Italia, Sweden and the US. However, in Germany only two smaller activities are ongoing, KORA-gen in the south and POPGEN in the north. Possibilities to reach larger numbers for Germany, based on existing cohorts or disease networks, are discussed between scientist and government. For the implementation and use of biobanks, stringent ethical, social and legal boundary circumstances have to be taken into account. The opinion of the German National Ethics Council on Biobanks for Research as well as the new advices of the Telematic Platform (TMF), which has been developed in close collaboration with the Data Protection Officers, improve transparency and legal security.

Physician-industry relations could provide an exceptional chance for medical sciences and patients’ care developments though, is also a place of potential different biases; those which their probable harms affect patients instead of whom they are in direct relationship (physician & industry). Regardingly, the probability of these potential worrisome issues, in addition to occurrence of many challenging cases, was eventually led to the production of a number of compulsory controlling guidelines. In this paper have been tried thorough a descriptive-analytic study the nature of the physician-industry relations is investigated. Moreover, have been attempted an Iran’s compatible code of conduct is also proposed, basically by the reviewing of a few existing related guidelines on the interaction of physician and industry. ideally, every interaction with industry and acceptance of any kind of industry-related gift and offering is forbidden. In spite of physicians’ claim, lots of studies have proven strong correlations between receiving industry advantages and physicians’ desire towards the industry products. Additionally, not declaring the relationship, could damage the patients’ trustworthiness toward the physician and medical profession as a whole. Conclusively, professional-ethical guidelines might be considered as an effective tool in the protection of the patients’ rights and also blocking potential conflicts of interests in professionals’ decisions and conduct. most of the content of the existing guidelines are rational and thus implementable on Iran’s health industry. Strategically, applying professionals’ viewpoints is important for the guideline acceptance. In this way, structuring continuing medical education programs, analyzing real ethical cases is proposed to be essential.

Observing Bio-environmental ethics the influence of new technologies in destroying environment, theorists of this knowledge attempt to represent the efficient principles of ethics for human's interaction with environment. The philosophical system of transcendent theosophy originated in principles of Islam illustrates a unique picture of entity that justifies plurality of the universe and graded properties of entity through the theory of principality of existence and individual oneness of existence. Under the light of this theory each entity is epiphany of God and it has all characteristics of other entity such as knowledge, capability, and understanding.This research is going to study the new subject of bioethics in philosophical system of transcendent theosophy and represent new principles for it. Analyzing bioethics in transcendent theosophy, using philosophy of Sadra for explanation of new and applied subjects and representing philosophical solutions for modern problems are among results of this research.

One of the important issues that have emerged in recent decades and the progress in medical genetics and Discussion of legal and ethical challenges of the new opportunities that have followed Infants born outside of the uterus and by in vitro fertilization in vitro formed and Feet to leave the field being so-called in vitro embryos. These babies are fertilized outside the womb and early stages of their growth and development during their in vitro. Talk about what's basically a human embryo in the womb And from in vitro fertilization and in vitro, whether as a full human being who was born Of human dignity and right to life is no dispute among Scholars in ethics, doctors, lawyers and the philosophers. This particular focus on the embryo laboratory has attracted many theoreticians to bioethics. Today should be acknowledged that the crisis lies in the development of genetic in the International and global level, documents, conventions and Mysaqhayy approaches to the subject of bioethics has been set. Shelved the infrastructure and major maintenance and support of all the inherent dignity and right, he is living. In this paper the use of religious teachings and moral and Regional and international letters and ethical system, to the dignity of the embryo in vitro biological and reliable results to be achieved.

Pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomics are interrelated branches of medicine, genetics, and pharmacology which have witnessed a rapid development and progress with the advancement of molecular biology and in particularly PCR techniques and allied technologies. The core of these branches of science deals with group of enzymes involved in metabolism of drugs namely cytochrome p450 nevertheless these group of enzymes are key enzymes in metabolism of all endogenous and exogenous substances in human. This implies how wide could be application of the studies involved in cytochrome p450, as it could be extended into other branches of metabolism of exogenous and endogenous substances including toxicology, nutrition, .The application of these two interrelated branches of medical science finds its importance when we have been able to extend the study of single nucleotide polymorphism. Advantageous associated with these branches of science could help us to prevent trial and error in doses of drugs and increase the effectiveness of drugs, moreover we could avoid many of unwanted adverse drug reactions. Inspite of these applications and advantages its use has not gone without criticism and warnings. As medical professions and world health organization are advocating the very advantage and benefits derived from pharmacogenetics and genomics, there is opposition to the same demanding strict rules to observe exceptionalism in medicine. Drafting rules and regulation to observe and protect human dignity by virtue of safe guarding their personal genetic information should be considered as an urgent need prior to expansion of personal medicine. Protection of personal genetic data could have its importance yet to be realized but should be treated as an urgent need.