فصلنامه اخلاق پزشکی
پیاپی 10 (زمستان 1388)

Justice is one of the most essential areas of science concepts and as a human's value has most attention in human societies, Religions and divinity. Also health and health living is one of the basic human needs and is a endowment from god, And as a natural right of human and And is one of the fundamental human rights. This critical is a responsible for Health and is desired and agreed all governments and countries. In Islamic Republic of Iran, according to backgrounds and rich national culture and religious beliefs, Human dignity As a divine creature That deserve The best, most efficient and safest Health service's attention is regarded. Justice One of the four major ethical And is the most important issues of modern medical ethics And as a proven fact Immortal and has been ruling the whole of creation And human task is Understanding and discovering of it and Establish systems are based on principles of behavior.This research, study the effective components of health and global health from the perspective of justice and the teachings of Islam and different perspectives in this field has been discussed.Results of studies suggest that There are different approaches regarding justice in health care systems such as: Appropriate distribution of resources, equitable access of people to services, increasing people's enjoyment of health services, distribution based on income. . And although we have movement towards justice in the health areas Despite some problems But yet not all our activities, based on justice. So everyone should have a reasonable chance to take advantage of the health And most important step to solving health problems is that the society Priorities has been providing public health And for those who are decision-makers society providing public health And equity in health Be their main concern.

Since a long time ago, ethics was an inseparable part of medicine. From the view point of Islam, ethics in medicine extent _ in respect of the place of medicine which has relation to the dignity and importance of keeping the humanistic soul _ has two fold importance.Amis: The purpose of this article, explaining the principles of Islamic ethics and apply these principles in the medical profession and an attempt to provide a framework of characteristics of the Islamic Medical Ethics.Means and Ways: This investigation is a library study which proceed with deep study of related contexts to the principles and essentials of anthropology and rating of Islamic ethics. whatever which recognized as essentials of Islamic medical ethics, consist of the essentials of anthropology, and rating and is a description of this matter that in Islamic medical ethics how describe humane and consider what kinds of entity ‘s capacities and possibilities for him and determine which aims for humane which can’t imagine anything more valued than it. In this study the principles of Islamic ethics, is presented in four domains: Principles associated with God,Principles associated with self,Principles associated with community, Related principles of nature. In this article, the dimensions of these principles is mentioned.Discussion and In the research of Islamic ethics, we must meantime the revision of medical ethics, we should take a good look at the precedent of the civilization of Islamic Iran and it is necessary to avail the field of a fundamental change by a new look and with partake of last scientific yield and biotechnology in the medical ethics’ field and with reliance on principles and essentials of Islamic ethics. In this discourse proceed with this subject in detail.

"Treat others the way you love they behave you". This simple sentence is one of the oldest principles accepted in most human cultures. Antiquity and simplicity, give a significant role to this sentence so it has gained a reputation: "Golden Rule" in ethics. Now the question is: "Does the golden rule in medical ethics be inferred from religious teachings?" In this article we will first define the Golden Rule and its organs (including conscience, wisdom, justice, imagination and strong will). Then we Analyze Islamic texts and the effect of Golden Rule on modern medical ethics.

Background and secrecy is considered one of the most important ethical principles in medical ethics that causes individual interests and social interests. More moral laws permit to disclose information in a few cases like sexually transmitted diseases. One of the challenges of the today world is AIDS. Considering this disease a contagious disease, all people in the community are at risk. According to the certainty of secrecy on one hand and the necessity to prevent damage to the society on the other hand, we decided to doing a survey from physicians about the maintaining and disclosing the disease of patients with HIV. This was a cross sectional study that had been used a questionnaire. Discussion and This study shows that majority of students (78 / 7%) know secrecy as a right for patient, but in conditions like AIDS They believe that patient's wife and health staffs must know about his disease. It seems that, the best strategy for maintaining secrecy and sanctity of medical practice on one hand and to prevent transmission of infection to healthy individuals on the other hand is: convincing the patient to disclose his disease by itself. It means that he must be fully justified if he hides his disease; it will have negative and devastate effects. Of course, awareness can be created by different methods including counseling room. Also a law considering all aspects of moral and intellectual can greatly help in solving this problem.

Human beings always have considerate organ and tissue transplantation from one person to another as an impressive progress in medical science. Nowadays, along with other scientific fields, medicine is progressed considerably (especially in transplanting organ and tissues) And consequently ethical and legal issues around this is peered. Among them the following can be mentioned: Authority of a person about his body organs and donating it to others Brain death (as a source for providing the transplanting organs and tissues) and its related ethical issues Donor consent How to select and prioritize the recipient Deficiency in transplanting organ and tissues and how to solve this ethical dilemma Financial relationship between donor and recipient and legal ways to control it There are different ethical view points about permissibility of organ transplantation. In this article, we mention this points and also review ideas from ethical philosophical view (mainly utilitarianism and consequality) and see what law says about it and introduce views in Muslim and non- Muslim countries.

According to the 20-year vision and goals of development programs in Iran, Moving toward improving patient safety and quality are basic priorities of health system. The necessity to respect the rights of patients as one of the most important duties of health care services was approved by the arena of national and international experts but the major challenge is in the run method and manner to ensure that these rights are observed. This study carried out for supporting the rights of patients through the Accreditation Standards of Patient rights in Iranian hospitals. This study was an applied health management research after a systematic review about accreditation standards and patient rights statements, drafting standards Accreditation Patient Rights in Iran, developing an attitude checklist based on it, a corresponding attitude assessment was held during the symposium for several different groups of experts from around the country. It continued with the pilot study and face to face attitude assessment of experts from related offices of Ministry of Health, medical universities of Tehran province, and pilot hospitals and ultimately, Accreditation standards of patient’s rights after the full matching with comprehensive Bill of patient rights, were developed. Accreditation standards of patient rights in Iran, was arranged through 15 Heading standards and 46 subheading standards which include: Information (10subheadings), desirability of health services (3 subheadings), vulnerable groups (1 subheading), the patient being at the end of life (2 subheadings), confidentiality of information (2subheadings),privacy (6 subheadings), patient’s family (1 subheading), respond patient’s need of worship and belief (1subheading), education (1subheading), free will and participation (5 subheadings), informed consent (5 subheadings), how to get cost of services (3 subheadings), efficient complaining system (3 subheadings), Measuring patient satisfaction (2 subheadings) and the policies and procedures (1 subheading). So, Providing patient rights, require to spread appropriate and systematic culture; accreditation as an external assessment model, giving the hospital the standards that establish a comprehensive and systematic management and promoting patient centered, safe and qualitative culture and it is an appropriate method.

The disorders that are known today as Schizophrenia, in the past they named insanity, so There has been misunderstanding of this disorder from ancient times.Nowadays it has been clear that Schizophrenia is a kind of severe mental disorder and it occurs at any age and in both sexes and in all caltures and Social classes. It’s Symptoms occurs inadolescence or early adult life. The persons, who suffere from this mental disorder, are sensitive to the difficulties of life.The main Symptoms of this disorder appear in all patient’s physical, mental and behavioral aspects. So that their emotions, thinkings, feelings, senses (vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch) and attitudes are affected by this disorder. the most symptoms of schizophrenia is illusion and delirium.

One of the disorders, which has worried couples, is the issue of infertility that totally would have deep effect on social and family relationships. It is the third reason of divorce in Iran, demands to use ART. Surrogacy is one of the most challenging methods in this regard with some religious, social, ethical and legal issues that should not be ignored to achieve successful outcomes. The objectives of this article are: 1) To address the challenges of surrogacy in Iran 2) To reduce problems relating to surrogacy 3) To suggest some solutions in this regard. In this paper, we review the current state of the health literature on surrogacy and its challenges, and also translate English papers and thesis and benefit the experiences of other countries regarding surrogacy to change attitudes and pave the way. Recently, accommodating towards medical progresses, Most Shiite scholars have issued jurisprudential decrees (fatwas) that allow surrogate motherhood as a treatment for infertility, albeit only for legal couples that permit new law passed by the Iranian Parliament to meet needs in access to ART. It is undenyable that Ethical committees have an important role in supervision of surrogacy to confirm its validity.