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بین المللی ژئوپلیتیک - سال نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 31، پاییز 1392)

فصلنامه بین المللی ژئوپلیتیک
سال نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 31، پاییز 1392)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1392/05/27
  • تعداد عناوین: 9
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  • دره میرحیدر *، بهادر غلامی، فاطمه سادات میراحمدی صفحه 1
    قومیت یکی از مباحث اساسی و کلیدی در جغرافیای سیاسی محسوب می شود که مهمترین ابزار جهت نشان دادن پراکنش فضایی آن، نقشه است. در این بین محققان و مراکز مطالعاتی زیادی در داخل و خارج کشور به ترسیم نقشه هایی از موقعیت فضایی قومیت های ایران پرداخته اند. هدف از این تحقیق که بر اساس روش توصیفی- تحلیلی نگارش یافته است، بررسی انتقادی نقشه های قومیت در ایران است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد این نقشه ها، به دلیل عدم توجه به سرشماری های صورت گرفته کشور به بحث قومیت ها و در نتیجه نبود آمارهای دقیق قومیتی نتوانسته اند توزیع فضایی قومیت را در ایران به خوبی نشان دهند چرا که اکثر ترسیم کنندگان (بویژه ترسیم کنندگان داخلی)، کشور را از این لحاظ به صورت مرکز و پیرامون نشان داده اند. مرکزی که قسمت اعظم فضای نقشه ها را شامل گشته و بازو ها و زبانه های آن به حاشیه کشور کشیده شده است. ترسیم نادرست پراکنش فضایی اقوام، به تصویر نکشیدن تنوع واقعی قومیت ها و گسترده تر نشان دادن بیش از حد موقعیت و فضای بعضی از اقوام نسبت به سایر قومیت ها از جمله مهمترین نقایص این نقشه-هاست. این نحوه کارتوگرافی قومیتی خود عاملی است که موجب حساسیت های زیادی برای اقوام کشور می شود و به امنیتی شدن مسئله اقوام می انجامد. در حالی که نقشه به عنوان یک ابزار مهم برای نماد نگاری ملی، خود می تواند در تبدیل کردن تهدیدات مسئله اقوام به فرصت، نقش بسیار مهمی را ایفاء کند.
    کلیدواژگان: قومیت، کارتوگرافی قومیت، نقشه، ایران
  • ابراهیم متقی *، زینب رفعتی آلاشتی صفحه 31
    امنیت در دوران بعد از جنگ سرد با شاخص های متنوع تری همراه گردیده است. نظریه پردازانی همانند باری بوزان براین اعتقادند که امنیت موسع محور اصلی تمامی قالب های تحلیل امنیتی در دوران جدید نظام بین-الملل می باشد. سیاست های بهداشتی و مداخلات بشردوستانه را باید به عنوان دو مولفه تشکیل دهنده امنیت موسع در سیاست راهبردی ایالات متحده دانست. در این مقاله تلاش می شود تا جغرافیای بهداشتی در سیاست امنیتی آمریکا مورد ارزیابی قرار گیرد. لازم به توضیح است که چنین رهیافتی در قالب امنیت موسع تبیین می گردد.
    سیاست امنیتی آمریکا در دوران بعد از جنگ سرد در حوزه موضوعات مکتب انتقادی از جمله سیاست های بهداشتی، محیط زیست و موضوعات مربوط به حقوق بشر مورد پیگیری قرار می گیرد. هریک از مولفه های یاد شده بخشی از ضرورت های راهبردی آمریکا را تشکیل می دهد. امنیتی شدن موضوعات جامعه محور، اقتصاد محور و انسان محور در سیاست خارجی آمریکا را می توان به عنوان واقعیت جدید رویکرد امنیتی آمریکا دانست.
    کلیدواژگان: جغرافیای بهداشتی، مکتب انتقادی، بیماری های واگیردار، کمک های بشردوستانه، تغییرات جمعیتی، امنیت اجتماعی، آمریکا، آفریقا
  • حسین مختاری هشی * صفحه 49
    محدودیت منابع آب شیرین در جهان و افزایش روزافزون مصرف، موجب کشیده شدن آب به عرصه رقابت کشورها و گروه های مختلف شده و آب ایفاگر نقش اساسی در شکل دهی به روابط اجتماعی- سیاسی میان گروه های اجتماعی می باشد. در قرن بیست و یکم کمبود آب به عنوان با ارزشترین منبع در زندگی بشر، موجب تهدید معاش بسیاری از انسانها در کشورهای مختلف بویژه در مناطق خشک جهان شده و نیاز روزافزون به آب، تغییر الگوهای مصرف، آلودگی، از بین رفتن منابع طبیعی و توسعه بیابانها بشر را به سوی بحران جهانی آب سوق داده است. به طوری که برخی معتقدند که جنگهای آینده و خشونت های مدنی و اجتماعی عمدتا از کمبود منابع آب و مواد غذایی ناشی خواهد شد و حتی با توجه به چالشهایی که در این زمینه متوجه حکومتها خواهد بود، کمیسیون توسعه پایدار سازمان ملل معتقد است: «بحران آب در دنیا یک بحران حکمرانی است نه بحران کمیابی آب». در سال 1995 نایب رئیس بانک جهانی نیز اعلام داشت که «جنگهای آینده بر سر آب خواهد بود، نه نفت». شاخه ای از علم جغرافیای سیاسی که به مطالعه نقش آب در رفتارهای سیاسی در مقیاسهای مختلف می پردازد، هیدروپلیتیک نامیده می شود. ایران به عنوان یکی از کشورهای خشک و نیمه خشک جهان در منطقه خاورمیانه، از جمله کشورهایی است که با بحران آب مواجه است و این مسئله یکی از اصلی ترین عوامل محدود کننده توسعه کشور در دهه های آینده به شمار می رود و مسائل و مشکلات بالقوه و بالفعل قابل توجهی را برای کشور به دنبال خواهد داشت. مقاله حاضر با استفاده از روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و با شیوه کتابخانه ای، هیدروپلیتیک ایران را بویژه از جنبه پراکنش جغرافیایی نواحی بحرانی در حال حاضر و همچنین در افق سال 1404 و سند چشم انداز، براساس «شاخص تنش آب» مورد بررسی قرار می دهد. یافته ها و نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد که با توجه به روند افزایش جمعیت و همچنین افزایش مداوم مصرف سرانه آب در کشور، سرانه آب تجدید شونده در حال حاضر حدود 1800 مترمکعب است که در حال نزدیک شدن به «آستانه بحران» یعنی کمتر از 1700 مترمکعب می باشد و در حال حاضر تعداد 11 استان کشور در مرحله پایین تر از آستانه مذکور می باشند. در سال 1404 نیز سرانه آب تجدید شونده کشور به 1530 مترمکعب خواهد رسید و تعداد 13 استان در مرحله بحران آب قرار خواهند گرفت و در این میان وضعیت استان تهران با سرانه 100 مترمکعب به مراتب بدتر خواهد شد.
    کلیدواژگان: هیدروپلیتیک، بحران آب، سال 1404، سند چشم انداز، ایران
  • عبدالرضا فرجی راد *، سهیل خیری صفحه 84
    فروپاشی شوروی که قلمرو وسیعی را شکل داده بود، تغییرات مهمی در نقشه ژئوپلیتیک جهان ایجاد کرد که از جمله آن شکل گیری منطقه آسیای مرکزی بود که قبل از آن در حوزه داخلی شوروی قرار داشت و توجهی به آن نمی شد. این منطقه حساس که خود در منطقه وسیعتر و ژئواستراتژیک اوراسیا قرار دارد، برای ایران نیز جایگاهی بالا از لحاظ؛ ژئواکونومیک، ژئوکالچر و ژئواستراتژیک دارد و پیوند ایران با این منطقه از طریق ترکمنستان که یکی از کشورهای این منطقه است صورت می گیرد و می تواند به عنوان یک بازیگر مهم در منطقه حضور داشته باشد و حضور بازیگران فرامنطقه ای و عدم ثبات در این منطقه می تواند بر امنیت و منافع ایران نیز تاثیر بگذارد. اما نکته ای که توجه بسیاری را به این منطقه جلب کرده است این مسئله می باشد که چرا بعد از گذشت بیش از بیست سال از استقلال این کشورها، آنها هنوز نتوانسته اند به یک همگرایی موثر و موفق دست یابند و نشانه ای هم از آن برای آینده ای نزدیک یافت نمی شود. به نظر می رسد مهمترین این دلایل را باید در دو دسته از موانع داخلی یا منطقه ای و خارجی یا فرامنطقه ای جستجو کرد. عواملی که در کنار یکدیگر مانع آن شده اند که پنج کشور این منطقه حساس که از ذخایر بالای انرژی نیز برخوردار می باشند، بتوانند با یکدیگر همکاری موثری داشته باشند. این عوامل شامل؛ ماهیت همبستگی کشورها(سیاسی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی)، ماهیت ارتباطات کشورها، سطح قدرت آنها، ساختار روابط کشورها و بازیگران فرامنطقه ای حاضر در میدان شطرنج بازی منطقه می شود. مجموعه این عوامل سبب شده که کشورهای منطقه نتوانند به یک همگرایی مناسب و کارآمد برسند که فقدان این امر موجب کاهش توان آنها در چانه زنی های سیاسی، ناتوانی های اقتصادی و... شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: آسیای مرکزی، همگرایی، واگرایی، رژیم های غیردموکراتیک، بازیگران فرامنطقه ای
  • مرتضی تهامی *، مراد کاویانی راد صفحه 117
    درک پویایی قدرت، مستلزم آگاهی از تعاملات و دگرگونی های فضایی است. تصور ژئوپلیتیک به عنوان یکی از ابعاد ادراک محیطی، برایند برداشتی است که افراد و واحدهای سیاسی- فضایی از جهان زیست خود دارند برداشتی که نقش مهمی در تولید واقعیت های فضایی- سیاسی داشته است. تاریخ ایران باستان آمیزه ای از اسطوره و تاریخ است. نمود فضایی تصور ژئوپلیتیک این دوره از تاریخ کشورمان در شکل حکومت با مقیاس و کارکرد جهانی نمود یافته است که کانون این حکومت ایران ویج، سرزمینی فرهمند و مقدس است. از این کانون، رهبری جهان بر پایه نظم گیتی اهورامزدا و در چارچوب «اشه» انجام می شود. شاه به عنوان فرمان روا قدرت معنوی خود را از اهورامزدا می گیرد. از این رو کارکردی ملکوتی می یابد. او یاور اهورامزداست و هم زمان نابودگر اهریمن و گسترنده حاکمیت اشه بر جهان است. از منظر تاریخی حکومت جهانی در زمان هخامنشیان برپا شد. آنان خود را نماینده اهورامزدا می دانستند. یافته های پژوهش حاضر گویای آن است که دین و آیین مزدیسنی، والایی و فره مندی سرزمین، توانش کشورگشایی پادشاهان هخامنشی مدیریت سیاسی فضا در قالب پذیرش گوناگونی فضایی- فرهنگی به تصور ژئوپلیتیک حکومت جهانی در اسطوره و تاریخ ایران باستان، جهت داده است.
    کلیدواژگان: ادراک محیطی، تصور ژئوپلیتیک، ایران باستان، اسطوره و تاریخ، حکومت جهانی، هخامنشیان
  • علیرضا محرابی *، هاشم امیری صفحه 140
    مکانیزم روابط جغرافیا و سیاست شرایطی را به وجود می آورد که مدیریت سیاسی فضاهای جغرافیائی را در درون کشور تسهیل کرده و وزن ژئوپلیتیکی همان فضای جغرافیائی- سیاسی را در سطح منطقه یا جهان تبیین می کند. از این رو عدم درک موقعیت جغرافیایی یک مکان و فضای جغرافیایی و مسائل آن از جمله نقاط ضعف و نقاط قوت، هزینه های سنگینی در بر خواهد داشت و سبب تحمیل ناامنی، فقر اقتصادی، فرهنگی و اجتماعی، بی عدالتی اجتماعی و... بر منافع ملی خواهد شد که تاثیرات آن در قدرت ملی کشور و موقعیت کشور در ساختار نظام جهانی که از دید جغرافی دانان سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیسین ها بسیار حائز اهمیت است، آشکار می شود. منطقه آزاد صنعتی- تجاری چابهار با دارا بودن پتانسیل های فوق العاده ای چون ظرفیت های ژئوپلیتیک، اقتصادی، امنیتی، دسترسی، ارتباطات بازرگانی منطقه ای و بین المللی، واجد کارکردهای تولیدکننده قدرت در کشور است و تاکنون بهره برداری لازم از ظرفیت های آن نشده و توسعه نیافته باقی مانده است. عوامل متعددی در این عدم توسعه نقش داشته اند که یا جنبه امنیتی داشته اند یا به آنها جنبه امنیتی داده شده. مسائل امنیتی این بخش از کشور مانع عمده سرمایه گذاری و در نتیجه، توسعه نیافتگی آن است. با توجه به اینکه امنیت و توسعه مفاهیمی به هم پیوسته و لازم و ملزوم یکدیگرند، به طوری که دستیابی به توسعه بدون برقراری امنیت ناممکن بوده و توسعه نیز در برقراری امنیت نقش به سزایی دارد. توسعه آینده این بخش از کشور و در نهایت تاثیر گذاری در توسعه ملی، وابسته به طراحی سیاست های کارآمد برای موانع و مسائل آن و استفاده بهینه از کارکردهای این منطقه است. بنابراین شناسایی موانع توسعه، کمک شایانی به ارائه راهکارها و در نهایت حل این موانع و مسائل می کند. لذا این پژوهش درصدد برآمده تا علل توسعه نیافتگی این منطقه را که بیشتر ناشی از عوامل سیاسی- امنیتی هستند مورد بررسی، شناسایی و تحلیل قرار دهد و در نهایت راهبرد و پیشنهاد های لازم در راستای استفاده هرچه بهتر از فرصت ها و رفع موانع توسعه این منطقه را ارائه دهد.
    کلیدواژگان: منطقه آزاد، چابهار، ژئوپلیتیک، سیاست، امنیت، توسعه، توسعه نیافتگی
  • زاهد غفاری هشجین *، فاطمه زهرا قلندری صفحه 166
    تئوری های توطئه، نوعی تجزیه و تحلیل تک علتی حوادث مختلف حیات بشری بر اساس توطئه است. این نوع تجزیه و تحلیل در فرهنگ های سیاسی مختلف به میزان متفاوتی دیده می شود. هدف اصلی مقاله حاضر شناخت جایگاه، ارکان و شواهدی از تئوری های توطئه در فرهنگ سیاسی منطقه خاورمیانه عربی است. یافته های این پژوهش نشان می دهد که این نوع از تجزیه و تحلیل ها در کنار سایر مولفه ها، یکی از مولفه های مهم و تاثیرگذار فرهنگ سیاسی خاورمیانه عربی بوده و ناشی از علل مختلف سیاسی و اجتماعی است. تئوری های توطئه در این منطقه به نوبه خود دارای ارکان سه گانه توطئه گران، توطئه باوران و مبانی و مفروضاتی است که سعی شده ضمن شناسایی و تشریح آنها، برای هرکدام شواهد و مصادیقی با استفاده از روش مطالعات اسنادی و با مراجعه به منابع قابل دسترس ذکر شود.
    کلیدواژگان: تئوری های توطئه، فرهنگ سیاسی، خاورمیانه عربی، توطئه گران، توطئه باوران
  • بیتا آزادبخت *، سید عباس پورهاشمی، صادق زیباکلام، داوود هرمیداس باوند صفحه 195
    تجربیات تلخی که جامعه جهانی در خلال جنگ ها پشت سر گذاشته، موجب ارتقاء جایگاه محیط زیست در حقوق مخاصمات مسلحانه شده، به نحوی که می توان هنجارهای آن را در زمره عرف بین الملل و قواعد آمره با اثر ارگا اومنس قرار داد. از همین رو پ‍ژوهش حاضر در صدد است با توجه به موقعیت استراتژیک منطقه خلیج فارس و تجارب ناشی از دو جنگی که در منطقه به وقوع پیوسته، بویژه جنگ دوم خلیج فارس (1990-1991) و تبعات زیست محیطی آن، با بررسی قواعد حقوقی موجود در زمان جنگ دوم و نیز قواعدی که پس از آن تدوین گشته به رویکرد حقوقی جدیدی برسد، تا در صورت وقوع جنگی احتمالی در منطقه خلیج فارس و یا در سایر مناطق دنیا در پرتو آن رویکرد آسیب های زیست محیطی ناشی از مخاصمات مسلحانه را به حداقل رساند.
    کلیدواژگان: حقوق محیط زیست، جنگ دوم خلیج فارس، قواعد آمره، آلودگی
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  • Dorreh Mirheidar *, Bahador Gholami, Fatemeh Sadat Mirahmadi Page 1
    Introduction
    Ethnicity is one of the essential issues of political geography. According to Rolan Breton, if political geography fails to give priority to the role of ethnicities and if it fails to recognize their existence, then it will not be more than an empty frame or a blank picture because ethnicities and people are the real actors of history and the creators of states (Breton, 2001:99). Maps have an important role in realizing ethnicities, finding their location in the Earth and forming the imagined geography of human kinds. Iran has several ethnic groups that have lived with each other throughout history. There is no official statistics about ethnicities and their spatial distributions. Many maps that have been drawn and which show the distribution of ethnicities in Iran each shows ethnicities and their spaces differently. There are no two similar maps about ethnic groups of Iran. Considering the fact that maps affect our mental images and form our behavior, this research investigates the maps of ethnicities of Iran with a critical view.
    Methodology
    The research methodology adopted is descriptive-analytical method that follows to scrutinize map of ethnicity distribution of Iran with a critical view. From this point of view, maps with a selective form and special purposes show special distribution of phenomena. The data gathering procedure is library and internet findings. In addition, some data are collected through interviewing with some M.A and Ph.D students.
    Discussion
    Ethnicity Mapping is the mapping of aspects of ethnicity such as religion, language, nationality, and culture. Berghaus for the first time developed ethnicity mapping in 19th century atlases. However, at first US mapping administration used ethnicity mapping based on statistical data in mapping of borders for the Paris Peace Conference. In many modern censuses, data are gathered about distribution of religions, languages, ethnicities and nationalities within small geographical units. Then, results can be published in the form of Ethnicity maps. There are many ethnicities in Iran who have lived in this geographical space throughout history. Iran's ethnic diversity makes us to name Iran as a multi- ethnic society. Because there is no information about ethnic groups in Iran’s consensus, many researchers and research organizations have compiled maps of spatial distribution of Iran’s ethnicities based on their mentality and data. These maps show location and distribution of Iran’s ethnic groups inaccurately. In this research, we investigate 10 maps of ethnic groups that were drawn by political geography professors with a critical view. Research findings show that these maps have two main deficiencies. First, they neglect some ethnic groups like Lur and show Fars, Turks, Kurds, Baluch(s), Arabs and Turkmen as the main ethnic groups of Iran. Second, they refer to inaccurate portrait of special distribution of Iran’s ethnic groups.
    Conclusion
    Due to political sensitivity, there are no reliable and official data available about populations and spatial distribution of Iran’s ethnic groups. This matter makes maps of ethnic groups not to show spatial distribution of ethnic groups, accurately. Because of lack of ethnicity data, these maps cannot show spatial distribution of ethnic groups, accurately, and most of cartographers have inadvertently divided the country into a central and a peripheral area. The central area, which covers the greater part of the map, has been allocated to the ethnic group of Fars. Inaccurate mapping of spatial distribution of ethnic groups, neglecting real diversity of ethnic groups and showing the area of some ethnic groups greater than the others are the main deficiencies of these maps. This mapping causes sensitivity about ethnic groups. However, map as an important means to national symbolization, can play a prominent role in turning ethnic groups as a threat to opportunity.
    Keywords: Ethnicity, Cartography of Ethnicities, Map, Iran
  • Ebrahim Motaghi *, Zeynab Rafaati Alashti Page 31
    Introduction
    Security has various indices in the post-cold war era. Theoreticians like Barry Buzan believe that "extended security" is the main concept in security analysis in the new international system. Two elements of "extended security" of the U.S strategic policy are Health policy and Human intervention. This article investigates "health geography" in the U.S security policy. It is necessary to explain that this approach is expounded in the framework of "extended security". Most experts believe that all countries should worry about their emerging security issues that are more complex and various. The U.S security policy in the post-cold war era has been followed in the framework of critical theory that issues like health policy, environment and human rights are in this area. Securitization of economic-based, society-based and human-based issues is the new reality of the U.S foreign policy. Globalization causes international security concept to be extended. This matter causes health issues to be considered as a security problem such as environmental and immigration issues. By increase in military expenditure and hardware intervention in national security context, the U.S efforts to increase its influence in peripheral countries by social security issues include health problem. The U.S health policy is a part of soft power to expand its regional and international intervention. Some people believe that Africa is a center for the U.S to do their health and medical tests. Indeed, these arguments appeared after Obama confession in 2009.
    Methodology
    The research methodology adopted is “content analysis”. Information related to the U.S health policy in basis of various geography areas and its effects on the U.S security strategy is processed.
    Results And Discussion
    AIDS disease has an important role in the U.S security and foreign policy because it paves the way for intervention in Africa with less sensitivity. Now, several non -government organizations work on health issues. In the most the U.S national security reports, it has been paid attention to low- intensity threats. For example, George Tenet, Director of the U.S Central Intelligence Agency, pointed out the AIDS effects and its security facets on the U.S political future in 2003. Tenet emphasized that expansion of AIDS causes increase in mental insecurity in society. Besides, expansion of AIDS weakens the economic growth of Africa, and intensifies social tensions. The U.S. Theoreticians emphasize that expanding AIDS in Africa make an appropriate opportunity to terrorist groups to use that county as a military base. Permeability of borders, political instability and lack of powerful government are the main reasons that international terrorism threaten the U.S. West Countries like the U.S fears from this events, fears that mounted after 9/11 2001.
    Conclusion
    The U.S security policy in post-cold war has been affected by "Critical School". The critical school emphasizes on new security issues in international relations. They believe that social issues are a part of requirements of national and international security, and human- based issues like AIDS and environmental issues affect national security indirectly. They emphasize that the U.S can reach security goals by means of social issues. This new indices and aims have formed the U.S security approaches related to social, cultural, environmental, and ethnic and identity issues. These changes affected the U.S preferences and economic expenditures in Bush and Obama era.
    Keywords: Health Geography, Critical School, Epidemic Disease, Humanitarian Aids, Demographic Changes, Social Security, the U.S, Africa
  • Hossein Mokhtari Hashi * Page 49
    Introduction
    Increasing in water consumption and creating limitation in fresh water resources of the world have caused bring water among competition of various groups and countries. Today water has a major role in forming of socio- political relations of social groups. In the twenty-first century, water scarcity threatens the livelihoods of many people in different countries, in particular, in arid regions. Issues like increase in water demand, change consumption patterns, pollution, demolish natural resources and desertification have shifted humankind to the global water crisis. Indeed, some believe that future wars and civil violence will occur mainly due to lack of water and food. Even, by considering the challenges that governments will be faced, UN Commission on Sustainable Development says: "The world water crisis is not a crisis of water scarcity, but a crisis of governance. In 1995, the World Bank vice president announced, "future wars will be over water, not oil." Branch of political geography that studies the role of water in political behaviors at different scales is called Hydropolitics. Iran as one of the arid and semi arid countries in the Middle East has faced with water crisis. In coming decades, this matter will be one of the main limiting factors of development and will create some problems and difficulties to country.
    Methodology
    The research methodology adopted is descriptive- analytic and data gathering procedure is library findings and data are analyzed using statistical methods of uni-variation analysis like mean, percentage and per capita. In addition, Excel software is used to data analysis and ARC GIS software is used to spatial displaying of data.
    Results And Discussion
    The main source of water is rainfall. Limitation in rainfall in Iran that is nearly one-third of the world average has caused water scarcity. In addition, mathematical location, topography and country area cause issues like inappropriate temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall and severe evaporation of rainfall. In addition, the annual fluctuation in rainfall, which sometimes decreases in one third in comparing with the previous year, has intensified the uncertainty of water resources. From about 404 billion cubic meters of annual rainfall in the country, only 137.5 billion cubic meters is renewable and available, that this amount has been distributed inappropriately and this issue is the main cause of water shortage or water sufficiency, and it is outside of human control. Another effective factor in the water shortage that is in the control of human is the distribution of population that sometimes high concentration of people in the geographical spaces causes limitation of resources in that geographical space and water resources are not exempt from this matter. According to research findings, in 11 provinces percentage of having renewable water of country is lower than percentage of having country population, that it is one of the causes of the water crisis. For example, despite Tehran province has 19.4 percent of the population of the country, but has 1.3 percent of the country renewable water resources and this has caused a severe water crisis in this province.
    Conclusion
    Research findings show that the population growth and the constantly increase in per capita water consumption in the country, now it is 1,800 cubic meters approaching to "critical threshold" (less than 1,700 cubic meters). Currently, 11 provinces have placed in lower stage than the threshold and in 2025 renewable water per capita for the country will decrease in 1530 cubic meters and 13 provinces will have water crisis. In this situation, Tehran with 100 cubic meters per capita will have the worst situation.
    Keywords: HydroPolitics, Water Crisis, The year of 2025, the 20-year Vision, Iran
  • Abdolreza Farajirad *, Soheil Kheiri Page 84
    Introduction
    The collapse of the Soviet Union that constructed a wide state for 70 years old caused significant changes in the world geopolitical map. Formation of central Asia Including; Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan was a part of these changes. The region that was a part of the Soviet Union’s territory had attracted less attention. The important region that is located in the Eurasia has great geopolitics, geo-economic, geo-culture potentialities, and this situation causes Iran notice to this region. Central Asia after independence is converted to the subject of global actor’s rivalries. However, the issue and question about this region is: “why after more than twenty years independence these countries have not yet been able to achieve an effective and successful integration, and even there are no any hopes. Nonetheless, researches that have been done about integration in Central Asia have been done only in the form of the ECO and fewer researches are about Central Asia. The hypothesis is that the reasons of this problem in the Central Asian are regional and trans-regional problems. The theoretical model to classify these factors is the theoretical framework of Spiegel and Cantori. This model is developed based on regional factors like the nature of integrity (political, economic and social), the nature of countries communications, measure of power between them and the structure of relations and effective trans- regional factors that affect regional events.
    Methodology
    This paper tries to find an answer to this question: “Why in Central Asia, in spite of common interests and needs, a successful regional integration has not been formed yet? To answer this question, the research methodology adopted is descriptive - analytical method. Therefore, first this study tries to clarify the concept and characteristics of regional integration and cooperation and then tries to analyze barriers of regional integration and cooperation in Central Asia.
    Results And Discussion
    Nowadays, countries cannot solve their problems lonely, and cooperation with each other is vital that Central Asian states are not exempted from this issue, but countries of this sensitive geopolitical region have not been successful to create an efficient cooperation. To understand the reasons of this issue, the theory of Cantori and Spiegel was used and it was characterized that regional and trans-regional obstacles are the main reasons.
    Conclusion
    Research findings demonstrate that common interests and needs besides finding an easier solution for problems show the necessity of establishing a regional integration in Central Asia. Also, main reasons that prevent countries of region to achieve the regional integration are regional obstacles like rival economies, competition of countries leaders, undemocratic regimes, boundary problems, different level of countries in terms of power and economic potential, and presence of trans-regional powers like U.S, Russia and China that all of them try to attract countries of the region to cooperate with themselves.
    Keywords: Central Asia, Integration, disintegration, Undemocratic Regimes, Trans-Regional Actors
  • Morteza Tahami *, Morad Kavianirad Page 117
    Introduction
    The subject of environmental perception has an important role in positioning of global thinking and actions of many groups and nations. Hence, the relation between politics (ideas) and territory (action) has been represented in the form of terms, discourses and different scales for rulers and scholars. In the meantime, understanding the dynamics of power requires knowledge about spatial interactions and changes. Geopolitical imagination as one of the facets of environmental perception is the result of humans and political- Spatial entities that have an important role in creating political-Spatial realities. Hence, Political organization of space at two macro and micro scales in relation to internal and external inputs of political units depends on environmental perception and geopolitical imagination of leaders and decision-makers at two macro and micro levels.
    Methodology
    The research methodology adopted is content analysis of ancient texts based on meta-positivism method. Data gathering procedure is library findings. Results and dissuasion : Iran’s ancient history is a mixture of myth and history. Spatial representation of geopolitical imagination of this era of our country’s history represented in government type at global scale and with global function, that the center of this government is Airyan Vaējah, a holly territory. From this center, World leadership was based on Ahura Mazda world order and in the framework of "Aša". King, as a ruler, earned his spiritual power from Ahura Mazda. Hence, he has heavenly function. He was the helper of Ahura Mazda and killer of Evil Terminator and expander of Aša sovereignty over the world. Historically, Global Government was established in the Achaemenid. They knew themselves the representation of Ahura Mazda.
    Conclusion
    Based on text of the Avesta, Persia is the best creations of Ahura Mazda. Hence, it is also the center of the praise. On Android Mazdisna, the kingdom belongs to Ahura Mazda. He gives the spiritual power to human, and anyone that he chooses to kingdom benefits from Mazdas spritual power, and should follow divine commands, clean the evils from world and spread justice in the world. If he does not obey from divine, kingdom (legitimacy) is gotten from him. Shah and territory are two interconnected things. Since the territory of Airyan Vaējah is blessing, it is center of the world and by the time that Shah is qualified to maintain divine charisma conditions, will be world ruler. Achaemenid due to leadership ability, power of conquest of world, was being affected by mythological beliefs and cultural- spatial tolerance performed a geopolitical imagination that made their kingdom global and unforgettable. These factors cause Iran’s ancient culture to have adaptable, flexible and tolerant nature.
    Keywords: Environmental Perception, Geopolitical Imagination, ancient Iran, Myths, History, Global Government, Achaemenid
  • Alireza Mehrabi *, Hashem Amiri Page 140
    Introduction
    The mechanism of politics and geography relations create a situation that facilitates better management of political space within states and clarifies the geopolitical weight of that geographical space at regional and global levels. Hence, ignoring geographical location brings with itself extravagant costs. Chabahar free zone, which has some potentialities such as geopolitical, economic, security, regional and international business, has power creating functions, but it has not used its potentialities and it has remained underdeveloped. Several factors are effective in the issue that has had security aspect or it has been given security aspect. Security factors are the main obstacles of investment and retrogression. Considering the fact that security and development are intertwined conceptually, and development is not possible without security, development has an important role in establishing security. Development of this region depends on designing effective policies directed toward solving problems and optimal using functions of this region. So, recognizing problems of development help to present solutions and solve such problems. Hence, this paper, by employing an analytic approach, attempts to study the reasons of retrogressionof the region that are the result of political-security factors, and present some strategies to use opportunities optimally and solve the problems of this region.
    Methodology
    This paper seeks an answer for this question: “why Chabahar free zone that has some potentialities like geopolitical, economic, security, regional and international business, and has power creating functions, has not used its potentialities and it has been underdeveloped?” The research methodology adopted is descriptive- analytic method and data gathering procedure is library findings.
    Results And Discussion
    Ignoring geographical location brings with itself extravagant costs, and imposes insecurity, economic, social and cultural poverty, social injustice on national interests that affects national power and position in the structure of world system which is very important from the viewpoint of political geographers.
    Conclusion
    Security factors are the main obstacles of investment and retrogression. Considering the fact that security and development are intertwined conceptually, and development is not possible without security, development has an important role in setting of security. Development of this region depends on designing effective policies directed toward obstacles and optimal use of functions of this region. So, recognizing obstacles of development help to present solutions and solve these problems. Hence, this paper tries to study the reasons of retrogression of the region that are the result of political- security factors.
    Keywords: Free zone, Chabahar, Geopolitics, Politics, security, Development, Underdevelopment
  • Zahed Gaffari Hashjin *, Fatemeh Zahra Ghalandari Page 166
    Introduction
    The present paper tries to investigate conspiracy theory in the Arabic Middle East political culture. The Middle East is the significant and effective region in the world. It is the first birthplaces of primary human civilizations and great religions. The Arabic Middle East political culture has different variants like conspiracy theory. The present paper is an attempt to provide answers to three questions about the Middle East conspiracy theory. Conspiracy theory is a method to analyze the role of conspiracy in events and incidents. According to this definition, the only cause of events is conspiracy, and the role of other reasons in events is ignored. Conspiracy theory is a part of political culture of Arab world and this analysis method has had strong impact on the thoughts and lives of people of this region. This theory has its components, elements that it can be provided some instances and evidences for each of them.
    Methodology
    This paper seeks an answer to this primary question: “what is the significance, principles and evidences of conspiracy theory in the Arabic Middle East political culture?” This paper also has three secondary questions: “what do the political culture and conspiracy theory mean?”, “where is the status of conspiracy theory in the Arabic Middle East political culture?”, and “what are the principles of conspiracy theory in the Arabic Middle East?” The research methodology adopted is documentary method, and data gathering procedure is library findings.
    Results And Discussion
    Research findings show that this type of analysis along with other variants is one of the most important and influential principles of the political culture of these communities. This matter is resulted from different political and social causes. According to the importance of this issue, experts have tried to investigate the causes of growing and developing of this phenomenon in the Middle East. Some people like Marvin Zonis, Josef Craig, Daniel Pipes, and Matthew Gray have worked about this matter. They have tried to show the role of this matter in analysis of events. Finally, this article tried to explain three principles of conspiracy theory that includes conspirators, believers who believe in conspiracy, and principles of assumptions and analysis.
    Conclusion
    Research findings show that conspiracy theory is one of the main variants of the Arabic Middle East political culture. This type of analysis is a pattern to analyze region events. This type of analysis is known in this region and affects relations of government and society, human and political groups in the internal and external facets. Critical conditions, intervention of foreign powers and political despotism are the main factors creating these types analysis in the Arabic Middle Easte political culture.
    Keywords: Conspiracy theory, political culture, the Arabic Middle East, Conspirators, Conspiracy believers
  • Bita Azadbakht *, Seyed Abbas Pourhashemi, Sadegh Zibakalam, Davoud Hermidas Bavand Page 195
    Introduction
    War as an inevitable fact in international relations that has always imposed itself without limitation to governments in conflict, has its own consequences, and by occurring war, valid regulations in the time of peace may lose their legitimacy and rights of war has been replaced with it, except regulations which are considered as jus cogens simultaneously in peacetime and wartime. Therefore, since international law cannot prevent the outbreak of war, it strives to establish a safe world by formulating regulations. Meanwhile, environment protection in war and peace is one of the issues that has been noticed in international law, because human understand that human life depends on environment and planet earth is the only habitable planet. Hence, international community considers the importance of environment, and considers war as an inevitable fact and tries to decrease damages that are inflicted to environment among wars by law regulation.
    Methodology
    The research methodology adopted is descriptive – analytic method and data gathering procedure is library research in legal principles and practices based on the extraction of resources from international documents, conclusions and legal analysis of international conflicts, in particular regional conflicts, which provides to reach to accurate results about Persian Gulf.
    Results And Discussion
    The international community terrible ordeals in wars have promoted the place of environment in the law of armed conflicts, in a way that its norms can be placed in customary international law and jus cogens with erga omnes effects. Therefore, because governments duties are recognized in environment protection in armed conflicts in the frame of customary international law and jus cogens with erga omnes, we hope if a war happens in Persian Gulf region or in other place, the negative environment effects of war is reduced by following the mentioned regulations. With regard to the strategic status of the Persian Gulf and previous experiences of two wars in the region, in particular, the Second Gulf War (1990-1991), and its environmental effects, and evaluation of the current regulations in the course of the Second War, this study attempts to reach a new legal approach to reduce environmental damages of armed war in Persian Gulf region and in other regions.
    Conclusion
    By developing environmental issues in recent years beside of the necessity of having healthy and immune environment (Principle 1 of Stockholm Declaration, 1972) which is expounded as one of the principles in third-generation human rights and which is in the frame of jus cogens the necessity of protecting environment in war time has been emphasized.
    Keywords: Environmental Law, the Second Gulf War, Jus cogens, Pollution