فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 38 (پاییز 1392)

Housing as a component of the spatial system of the villages has special structural-functional features. Due to construction projects in the last decades, this phenomenon has been subject to different changes; one of these projects, which have been responsible of many of these changes, is the “rural housing renewal and improvement,” that its complementation has ended to vast changes in structure and functions of rural houses. With regard to encouraging urbanization and lack of considering the very relations between structures and functions of rural dwellings, these changes in many cases has ended to a kind of “duality” between housing unit and many activities of rural households. This paper tries to examine these changes, resulting from “renewal and improvement” activities in rural housing in the context of general laws of "Structural-functional Dynamics.”The rule stating the obvious fact that a change in physical structure, whether consciously or unconsciously, will result in changing the activities and relations of the system

Knowledge of remote sensing by using thermal infrared energy can be considered as a suitable tool to calculate the amount of surface temperature in the broad areas. In this study through using AVHRR data bands 4 and 5and MODIS data bands 31 and 32, land surface temperature was retrieved within the provinces of Tehran and Qazvin.After the review of 114 images taken from the Web sites of mentioned sensors, 16 images were selected for total calculation of surface temperature. After the validation was carried out for each of 18 Split-window algorithms introduced, finally two algorithms were selected; Price algorithm for calculating surface temperature from NOAA / AVHRR images and Qin algorithm for assessing temperature from MODIS images. The temperature in the depth of 5 cm of soil in 11 meteorological stations was used to validate the obtained temperatures. High correlation coefficients in most days of the study period especially about AVHRR sensor, shows the methods used in this research to estimate surface temperature is trustworthy. Also, considering the drawn temperature maps and the regional topographic conditions, general conditions governing the temperature distribution in the region is explainable.

The concept of Quality of life is one of the most fundamental concepts at present. It evaluates public welfare of individuals as well as societies. The term it is not a new one. It covers a wide spectrum of fields including international development, health and politic. Measuring quality of life demands the application of subjective and objective indices and rare requires application of both. Neighborhoods undergoing urban transition have a special situation and therefore have different life qualities which make the residents face various opportunities and challenges. The major objective of this study is and to measure quality of life in transitional neighborhoods with reliance on subjective index. In order to achieve this goal, 244 questionnaires were distributed among Darvazehshemiran neighborhoods. Research method in the current study is heuristic. The study suggests that the quality of life in the study area is low so that over 0/64 of the residents are not stratified. They were most UN happy with neighborhood environment as opposed to accessibility at the other end. The quality and size of dwelling along with service facilities and infrastructures were among the major problems. This study suggests that transitional character of neighborhood by itself would be sufficient enough to mitigate quality of life.

This study is the spatial distribution of power in Tehran metropolis, lord of the view that the pathological. It is an attempt to answer this question, the lord of the urban governance, the current of shape and structure of spatial distribution of Political Power to cause inefficiency in the management of Tehran metropolis? In order to answer this question the following hypothesis is proposed: It seems from the perspective of the urban governance the current of shape and structure of spatial distri bution of Political Power. With regard to the planning and distribution of power from the top on down, cause genesis unrighteous in spatial distribution of political power in Tehran metropolis. This research written is a descriptive-analytical methods. And also in order to better of describe the situation patterns and relationships that affect institutional links on service to the citizenship of perspective of the urban governance, has been used by the model SWOT. The research of results showed that major of institutions and actors involved in the management of Tehran Metropolis are the government. And their authority is limited to executive and administrative levels, and therefore political power is not given to them

In this study, Madrsoo basin, with 2364/96 km2 of area, located in Golestan was chosen as a case study due to it is flash floods stricken nature. These Tow models are artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple regressions. The QNET2000 software used to evaluate ANN model for flood forecasting and estimation of maximum discharge. In this research used the triple layer MLP artificial neural network with error propagation training algorithm. The number of input node (first layer) determined (5 nodes) and the number of present node in hidden layer obtained by trial and error. The result shows the ANN model do not sensitive to number of median layer in train phase, but it has a better result with 5 median layers in calibration phase. Accordingly this method is better work than multiple regressions

The social capital is among the economical and social surveys in modern communities. The concept in 1990 for the first time by French and American (Tocqueville, Bourdies, Coleman, Putnam, etc) was presented. The social capital theory is very simple. The major idea of this theory can be summarized in two words relations and importance. This means that people with communication with each other and establishing, the community members are able to work together and through the creation of links between them can be earn things that do not individually or hardly have been achieved. The case study of this research was Goudin village in Kangavar city. The reason for this chosen was because that villages were located at different levels of development, In this regard, with villages clustered into three levels (developed, developing and less developed) and by using Cochran formula the sample size was estimated 292. The aim of this study was whether between social capital with development did not correlated and finally how social capital influence the promoting of development. Methods of this study were descriptive - analytical and data earned from Library method, organizations and relating institutions and the field method. Finally to analyze were used from descriptive analysis (The means), and the statistical tests of correlation prisons and to affect of elements were used of step by step regression. Finally, we determined between parameters of social capital and development change there is a significant positive relation and the high influence of the commitment that 23% of the development changes and in next stage predict 28% of the development changes.

In two recent decades there has been a main and important concept in institutional approach to local and regional development named as institutional capacity. This concept includes a range of factors in individual, organizational and gregarious level and has rapidly moved from being an analytical concept to a prescriptive one in local and regional development. In this article, we have used a combination of survey-quantitative and qualitative methods to study the relationships between institutional capacity and sustainable development based on mainstreaming it in decision-making and activities of the region's institutions. To determine the amount of the institutional capacity effect on the sustainable development with regard to the concentrated structure of the Iran's administrative system and to determine the effect of such concentrated system, we studied the existence of such relations at the regional level, in from of case studies in Boukan and Orumiyeh counties. The results show that there is a significant correlation between institutional capacity and sustainable development and according to the regression analysis results, mainstreaming sustainable regional development has correlation of 0.725 with the constituent factors of the institutional capacity. In addition, the results of the path analysis reveal that the constituent factors of the institutional capacity have different share in the mainstreaming sustainable regional development; so that appropriate legal arrangements, integrated institutions, abilities of institutions, learning and knowledge are effective on the mainstreaming sustainable regional development with 0.604, 0.356, 0.354, 0.248 and 0.074, respectively.

One of the most common methods for estimating direct runoff from 24 rainfalls is The Soil Conservation Service of America methods (SCS) that is known number of curves (CN). This method estimated quantity of runoff obtained from precipitation in different parts of the basin with considering the soil characteristics, hydrological status of land and land use. In this paper quantity of runoff was calculated for 24-hour rainfall dam catchment Yamchi (Ardabil) with using this method and the effective factors has been studied in runoff production in different parts of the basin. In this study is using 24-hour rainfall with return periods of 5, 25, 50 and 100 years. Also, using the combination of hydrologic soil groups, land use and hydrological conditions, the curve number (CN) was obtained which with Using existing relationships in the model was calculated keeping quantity of soil surface and penetration for catchment basin and finally quantity of runoff produce. The results of study indicate that the greatest potential to produce runoff is in the northern and western parts of the basin that is marked with arid and low permeability. Also estimate the volume of rainfall becomes runoff for several period indicate which with increasing return period a greater percentage of rainfall becomes runoff. For example, the quantity of runoff produced by precipitation of 5 years, from 39 percent to 55 percent in the period is 100 years old.

Modern local and national development in Iran has overwhelmingly occurred in the absence of an integrated, sustainable management and in a system of uncoordinated relationship with external environment. As a result, modern development trends in Iran have always suffered from historical-structural shortages. Changing political capital, has not been exempted from this general situation. This article tries to answer to the following question. What are the dimensions, bases and international, national, regional and local implications of transferring capital from Tehran? It does not take side on a positive or negative approach towards the issue. It is to elaborate the inter-relations of interfering factors from a geographical/territorial management view. Theoretically the article is based on macro strategy level. The documentary part focuses on globalization, land use policies, national distribution of employment opportunities and geographical specifications of Tehran metro area. The findings of article indicate that transferring capital requires comprehensive strategies that include all aspects of social, economic, political, geographical and territorial management on nation and global scales.

Environmental Geographic is the conceptual interwoven with social, political, economic processes and natural elements that that has had a fundamental role in direction to efforts and charactertics men who living it. In many cases the features of the environment has led to the adoption of a number of religious beliefs. The findings show that religious beliefs, ideas and worldviews of individuals and groups are influenced by Geographic environmental, elements and attributes which have shown in various forms of religion and type of activity, space and geographical perspectives. So that Much of the religious orientation and social reformer action in connection with their Environmental origin. The Gathas of Avesta book is reflection of Zoroaster s Ideas and ideals that indicates the transition from herding community to agriculture and sedentary in light of the God (truth and avoid lies). In addition, mental and spiritual Revelation Zarathustra, environmental Irregulars of ancient beliefs of inhabitants in the direction had a great performance to the ideals and teachings of the Gathas. This Article with explanatory approach, has examined the impact of Zoroaster Time environmental characteristics on Gathas religious teachings.