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نامه معماری و شهرسازی - سال سوم شماره 6 (بهار و تابستان 1390)

نشریه نامه معماری و شهرسازی
سال سوم شماره 6 (بهار و تابستان 1390)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1390/04/15
  • تعداد عناوین: 9
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  • غلامرضا حقیقت نایینی صفحه 5
    از زمان تشکیل کارشناسی شهرسازی در دانشگاه های کشور بیش از یک دهه می گذرد. هدف اولیه از راه اندازی این دوره، ایجاد انسجام در رشته شهرسازی در تمامی مقاطع و نیز پاسخگویی به نیازهای در حال تغییر و تحولات جامعه شهری بوده است. طی سال های گذشته تعداد زیادی از دانشجویان در این رشته فارغ التحصیل و پس از آن در بازار کار جذب شده اند و یا در مقاطع بالاتر در حال تحصیل اند. تحقیق حاضر با استفاده از روش های آماری موجود به ارزیابی تاثیربخشی فارغ التحصیلان کارشناسی گروه شهرسازی دانشگاه هنر، طی دوره مذکور می پردازد. در این زمینه، تاثیربخشی نظام آموزشی گروه شهرسازی، مانند میزان جذب در بازار کار، و میزان برآوردن نیازهای حرفه ای و عمومی و بالاخره ارتقا در مقاطع بالاتر مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته اند. به طور کلی این تحقیق، در واقع پژوهشی کاربردی است که در آن از روش های توصیفی و پیمایشی و تحلیلی استفاده شده است. نتیجه تحقیق نشان می دهد که این گروه در تحقق اهداف خود تا حدود زیادی موفق بوده است، اما تا رسیدن به شرایط مطلوب فاصله دارد و نیازمند برنامه ریزی دقیق آموزشی و بازنگری در شرح دروس و شیوه های آموزشی است.
    کلیدواژگان: ارزیابی، فارغ التحصیلان، آموزش، شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر
  • بررسی تطبیقی کیفیت محیط در محله های شهری، با رویکرد توسعه پایدار / مورد پژوهی: محله های خیابان و ایلگلی تبریز
    نفیسه رادجهانبانی، پروین پرتوی صفحه 25
    هدف کلی از پژوهش حاضر، تببین کیفیت محیط شهری پایدار و بررسی تفاوت آن در محله های ارگانیک و برنامه ریزی شده و با مطالعه موردی در محله های خیابان تبریز به عنوان محله ارگانیک و محله ایلگلی (کوی پرواز) با بافت برنامه ریزی شده است. مبانی نظری تحقیق و عوامل و مولفه های موثر بر کیفیت محیط، برگرفته از آرای اندیشمندانی چون لینچ، اپل یارد، نسر و دیگران درباره مقوله کیفیت محیط شهری و عناصر سازنده آن است؛ و مدل ارزیابی کیفیت محیط در قالب پنج مولفه اصلی کالبدی فضایی، اجتماعی فرهنگی، اقتصادی، زیست محیطی و حکمروایی مدیریتی به صورت سلسله مراتبی و ایجاد درخت ارزش با رویکرد از بالا به پایین ایجاد گردیده است. روش تحقیق، تحلیلی تطبیقی است و به منظور ارزیابی نهایی و تحلیل داده ها از روش AHP بهره گرفته شده است. شیوه جمع آوری اطلاعات میدانی بر پایه بررسی های عینی محقق و تکمیل پرسشنامه از ساکنان و مسئولان بوده است. ارزیابی ها و نتایج تحلیل نشان از آن دارند که محله ایلگلی (کوی پرواز) تبریز با کسب امتیاز 656/0 دارای کیفیت مطلوب تری از محله خیابان با 344/0 امتیاز بوده است. کیفیت مولفه های کالبدی فضایی و زیست محیطی با تفاوت آشکار در محله ایلگلی برتری ویژه ای دارد. مولفه های اجتماعی فرهنگی و اقتصادی نیز با تفاوت های نسبی در محله خیابان بیشترین امتیازها را به خود اختصاص داده است. دیگر اینکه امتیازهای حاصل از عوامل حکمروایی مدیریتی، چنین نیست که تفاوت محسوسی را در کیفیت این مولفه در محله ها آشکار سازد.
    کلیدواژگان: محیط شهری، کیفیت محیط، محله، توسعه پایدار
  • احمد بنکدار، فریبا قرایی صفحه 51
    این مقاله، از سنخ مقالات مروری تحلیلی است و بر پایه روش های توصیفی و تحلیل داده های ثانویه (اسنادی)، تغییر پارادایم ها در اصول طراحی شهری را از مولفه های کالبدی و اجتماعی و ادراکی به سمت رهیافت مکان سازی مورد بررسی قرار می دهد. مکان سازی در دهه های اخیر و به ویژه از اوایل دهه 90 میلادی به بعد، به عنوان رهیافتی جدید در طراحی شهری مطرح شد که بیشتر به دنبال ارتقای نقش مکان های عمومی پایدار با هویت خاص، مطابق با نیازها و خواسته های انسانی و در برگیرنده فعالیت های اجتماعی در جوامع محلی است. نوشتار حاضر، در آغاز به مولفه های کالبدی بصری و رهیافت های سنتی در اوایل قرن بیستم می پردازد؛ و غالبا رویکردهایی محصول گرا را که جنبه های کالبدی، زیبایی شناسانه و ظاهری فضاهای شهری را دربرمی گیرند، مد نظر قرار می دهد. سپس رهیافت اجتماعی و ادراکی مورد بررسی قرار می گیرد که از اوایل دهه 1960 تا اوایل 1980 میلادی، در مقابل مولفه های کالبدی و بصری در پاسخ به افزایش حس تعلق با بحث درباره پیدایش رهیافت مکان سازی در اوایل دهه 90 میلادی پایان می یابد. یافته های این مقاله با استفاده از تبیین اصول و مولفه های کیفی در رهیافت های طراحی شهری، حاکی از وجود توجه روزافزون به رهیافت مکان سازی و گرایش بیشتر به سمت توسعه پایدار در طراحی مکان های عمومی است.
    کلیدواژگان: مکان سازی، اصول طراحی شهری، رهیافت های کالبدی و بصری، ادراک
  • مصطفی بهزادفر، حسین نورمحمدزاد صفحه 71
    «ساخت» از جمله مفاهیمی است که در سیستم بافت کالبد تاریخی شهر یزد جای پیگیری دارد. بافت، مقوله ای گسترده و بسیار پیچیده است. برای بحث درباره ساخت این سیستم لازم بود که بافت آن مطالعه شود. کثرت مطالب بافت سبب شد که در این مقاله صرفا به برخی از موارد آن که با ساخت سروکار می یابد اشاره شود. این پژوهش با رویکردی نظام مند یا سیستماتیک، حاصل مشاهدات و برداشت های مکرر و فراوان از بافت کالبد تاریخی شهر یزد و تحلیل آن است. در پژوهش از روش تحقیق توصیفی - تحلیلی استفاده شد. در این زمینه برای تدوین مبانی نظری پژوهش و ساخت مدل تحلیلی، تعریف مفهوم «ساخت» ارائه شد. با تعریف ساخت و استفاده از مدل نظری پیوند (مطرح در نظریه سیستم ها)، طراحی مدل «پیوند ساخت» فراهم آمد. این مطالب، چارچوب نظری و مبانی این پژوهش را به منظور تالیف ساخت این سیستم شکل دادند. جمع بندی حاصل از بررسی ها نشان داد که ساخت این سیستم برایند ساخت های گوناگون زیرسیستم هایی چون کاربری اراضی، بخشه ها، سوپربلوک ها، بلوک ها، دانه ها و رابطه آن ها با یکدیگر در محیط از یک سو، و ساخت های گوناگون این سیستم با سیستم های شامل و هم ارز و رابطه های آنها با یکدیگر در محیط از سوی دیگر است. ساخت بافت کالبد تاریخی شهر یزد از اصل سلسله مراتب تبعیت می کند.
    کلیدواژگان: سیستم، زیرسیستم، بافت کالبد تاریخی شهر یزد، پیوند، ساخت
  • بیتا حاجبی، محمود ارژمند صفحه 89
    امروزه برنامه و روشی که در عین حفظ منابع طبیعی، نیاز نسل های کنونی و آینده اجتماع را به صورتی مستمر تامین کند، پایدار محسوب می شود. نظام وقف در تاریخ جوامع اسلامی نمونه ای از برنامه ریزی پایدار را در سنتی هزار ساله نشان می دهد. با مطالعه تاریخ این جوامع، مجموعه بناهایی را می توان یافت که به دلیل اجرای سنت وقف1، پایداری طولانی تری از بناهای دیگر داشته اند و همچنان با کاربری اولیه خود ادامه حیات می دهند؛ بدین صورت که بخشی از درآمد موقوفات صرف حفظ بنا و بخشی نیز صرف مستمری طلاب و مدرسین و عوامل مدرسه می شود. بررسی و تحلیل فضاهای این مدارس نشان می دهد که کالبد بناها نیز پاسخگوی این نیازهای چندگونه بوده اند. بنابراین می توان تاثیرات وقف را در مدارس، به دو دسته تقسیم کرد: دسته نخست، آنهایی هستند که جنبه کالبدی ندارند؛ و دسته دوم، آنهایی که مستقیما با سیمای فیزیکی و کالبدی مدارس مرتبط اند. در این مقاله با مطالعه و بررسی وقف نامه ها و سفرنامه ها و تحلیل فضای معماری مدارس، تاثیرات وقف بر برنامه آموزشی و کالبدی مدارس دوره صفوی، و در نهایت تاثیرات آن به عنوان یک عامل در پایداری مدارس این دوره بیان می شود.
    کلیدواژگان: وقف، دوره صفوی، پایداری، معماری پایدار، مدرسه
  • برنامه ریزی مقابله با زلزله در مجموعه های مسکونی شهری / نمونه مطالعاتی: فاز یک شهرک اکباتان
    علیرضا فلاحی، آزاده خدابنده لو صفحه 103
    مقاله حاضر رویکردها و پروژه های مرتبط با کاهش آسیب پذیری و افزایش توان مقابله با زمین لرزه در مجموعه های مسکونی را مورد بررسی قرار می دهد و به برنامه ریزی مقابله با خطر زلزله در فاز یک شهرک اکباتان می پردازد. با توجه به قرارگیری کلان شهر تهران بر روی گسل های لرزه خیز و آسیب پذیری شهر در برابر این خطر، برنامه ریزی پیش از سانحه برای سطوح خردتر جامعه مانند مجموعه های مسکونی، امری ضروری و گامی به منظور دستیابی به آمادگی و کاهش خسارت ها و تلفات احتمالی تلقی می شود. برای دستیابی به الگوی مناسب برنامه ریزی مقابله با خطر زلزله در شهرک اکباتان، به بررسی مفاهیم نظری و تجربیات کشورهای مختلف در این زمینه پرداخته شده است، تا با انتخاب الگوی بهینه و شناسایی موضوعات اصلی تحقیق، مطالعات میدانی با به کارگیری روش های توصیفی و تحلیلی آغاز گردد. فرایند پیشنهادی برای برنامه ریزی مقابله با خطر زلزله در فاز یک شهرک اکباتان در این مقاله شامل مراحل چهارگانه سازماندهی منابع و تشکیل تیم برنامه ریزی، ارزیابی ریسک، برنامه ریزی و اجرای برنامه است. نتایج حاصل از ارزیابی ریسک در محدوده مورد مطالعه نشان می دهد که تدوین برنامه های اجتماعی فرهنگی به همراه تمهیدات مدیریتی، از موارد اصلی و عمده در برنامه ریزی است و برنامه های کالبدی می توانند دربرگیرنده وجوه غیرسازه ای و زیرساختی در این مجموعه مسکونی باشند.
    کلیدواژگان: کاهش خطر سوانح، مجموعه های مسکونی، شهرک اکباتان، زلزله (زمین لرزه)
  • بازشناسی معماری دوره اتابکان یزد در متون تاریخی / نمونه موردی: مجموعه دولتخانه اتابک قطب الدین
    علیرضا عینی فر، محمدحسن خادم زاده صفحه 123
    آثار معماری دوره اتابکان از جمله آثار سرزمینی ایران است که در سیر مطالعات تاریخ شناسانه (کرونولوژیک) کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. اتابکان ابتدا از سوی سلجوقیان به عنوان مباشر و کمک کار شاهزادگان سلجوقی برگزیده شدند و در نهایت، در زمان افول قدرت مرکزی تبدیل به سلسله های محلی شدند. اینان در هنگامه حمله مغول، آرامش نسبی را در نواحی مرکزی ایران که تحت تسلط آنها بود حفظ کردند. حاصل این اقدام گسترش شهرها و آفرینش آثار معماری فراوان با ویژگی های سرزمینی بارز بود. این مقاله با رجوع به متون تاریخی، به بازشناسی و تحلیل مجموعه دولت خانه اتابک اسفهسالار ابی منصور، معروف به سلطان قطب الدین (615 تا 624) شامل خانه و مقبره و مدرسه، به منزله نمونه ای از آثار دوره اتابکان می پردازد. روش تحقیق، تفسیری تاریخی با رجوع به متون تاریخی و مقایسه و تطبیق بناهای مرتبط است. این مطالعه نشان می دهد که در ترکیب بناهای دوره اتابکان، مدرسه با گنبدخانه به عنوان مدفن در کنار خانه های بزرگ افراد متمول یا حاکمان که معمولا با عناصر مهم شهری مانند میدان و یا بازار هم جوار بودند، وجود داشته است. در این میان عناصری چون دو منار در دو طرف ورودی بناها، گنبدهای یک پوسته بر روی پلان مربع، گردن هشت گوش گنبد، استفاده از رنگ لاجورد در ترکیب با طلا برای تزئین داخلی بنا در معماری این دوره رایج بوده است.
    کلیدواژگان: اتابکان، مدرسه، گنبدخانه، خانه (سرا)، دولتخانه
  • فاطمه هاشمی، شاهین حیدری صفحه 129
    بررسی گونه شناسی معماری ایران نشان می دهد که شکل گیری بنا، چه به صورت منفرد و چه به صورت مجتمع، هم زمان و هم مکان براساس ترکیب سه الگوی فضایی «باز، بسته و پوشیده» صورت گرفته است. در خانه های تاریخی، حیاط به عنوان اصلی ترین فضای باز، همزیستی با طبیعت را نمایندگی می کند. از لحاظ سازمان فضایی خانه های تاریخی، حیاط در واقع اتاقی است بدون سقف با بدنه های مشخص، و کفی آراسته از درخت و خاک و آب. بهترین نمونه حیاط با رویکرد اقلیمی را می توان در بناهای تاریخی مناطق گرمسیر و کویر ایران مشاهده کرد. در معماری بناهای این اقلیم با ایجاد حیاط مرکزی در وسط، تعبیه حوض آب و احداث باغچه، اقلیمی کوچک و مناسب برای آسایش به وجود آمده است. در اقلیم سرد کشور نیز با توجه به موضوع محرمیت و اشراف و تبعیت از نواحی بیابانی ایران خانه های سنتی با حیاط مرکزی احداث می شدند. اما از آنجا که در مناطق کوهستانی، هوا در اغلب مواقع سال سرد و خارج از محدوده آسایش است، استفاده از حیاط به فصل تابستان محدود بوده است و به همین دلیل ابعاد کوچک تری در قیاس با حیاط های مناطق فلات مرکزی ایران دارد. بنابراین شکل گیری حیاط مرکزی در مناطق کوهستانی با رویکرد اقلیمی همراه نیست. در پژوهش حاضر به معرفی حیاط با کارکرد اقلیمی در مناطق سردسیر تحت عنوان حیاط زمستان نشین با الگوگیری از گلخانه ها پرداخته می شود، کارکرد تابستانی آن تشریح می گردد، و کارکرد زمستانی آن به وسیله نرم افزار محاسبات انرژی به نام انرژی پلاس مدل سازی می شود. خروجی نهایی شبیه سازی کامپیوتری، میانگین دمای هوای حیاط زمستان نشین، طی دوره یک ساله، برای مقایسه شرایط آسایش حرارتی در این فضا با شرایط فضای آزاد است که براساس آن میزان کاهش بار گرمایشی ساختمان بر اثر وجود این عنصر معماری محاسبه می شود.
    کلیدواژگان: حیاط زمستان نشین، آسایش حرارتی، بار گرمایشی، مسکن، نرم افزار انرژی پلاس
  • حسین پورنادری صفحه 155
    مجموعه علی قلی آقا از مهم ترین مجموعه های دوره سلطان حسین است. برخلاف آثار مشابه این دوره، که در نقوش «سردر» از نقش مایه های مورد علاقه جامعه شیعی استفاده شده اند، در این «سردر» جز آیات قرآنی، اشاره مکتوب و یا نشانه هایی چون نام علی (ع) ملاحظه نمی شود، ولی در بطن نقوش عاری از آن علائم در «اسپرهای» سردر این نام پنهان نگاه داشته شده و ناظر تنها با جست وجو و کنجکاوی عمیق می تواند به آن دست یابد. علت این امر، به نظر می رسد پاره ای ملاحظات روان شناختی مبتنی بر ویژگی های تاریخی، اجتماعی، سیاسی و فرهنگی این دوره باشد که به زبان رمز و تمثیل ارائه شده است. هدف این نوشتار، در این مرحلهبه دست آوردن «نمونه»3ای از زبان رمزی است که به «مولفه های معماری» تبدیل شده است. این پژوهش متکی بر تجربه ها، مطالعات میدانی نگارنده و نیز مطالعات تطبیقی است و روشن ساختن، نقوش استفاده شده در سردر، مبتنی بر نظام کاربرد نقوش، هندسه، و اعداد یا رمزهایی است که متفکران این دوره، در این اثر بر جای گذاشته اند و تناسبات معماری «سردر» را بر آن استوار کرده اند.
    کلیدواژگان: سردر، مسجد علی قلی آقا، مدرسه چهارباغ، معماری صفوی، نقوش پیلی
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  • Gholamreza Haghighat Naeini Page 5
    Globalization, development of sciences and technology, and an increasing in public expectations from the conditions of societies are changing every day. Increasing awareness and information dissemination through the media and internet have paved the way for increasing public knowledge, and has caused technical and academic training to face with new conditions. In other words, the duties of expert and academic training have become more difficult and sensitive. At present, educational planning shall continuously trace the internal and external threats, opportunities, goals, and strategies that have emerged recently. Since a decade ago the Urban Development discipline was introduced into the universities of the country. The initial goal of this course was to foster consistency in all levels of urban development as an academic discipline, and respond to the changing needs and developments in urban society. During previous years, a great number of university students graduated in the mentioned discipline and were whether absorbed in the labour market or started studying at higher levels. Since evaluating the effectiveness of the graduates of an educational department illustrates the quantitative and qualitative conditions of the training programs as well as training and research methods in the past and at the present time, this study tries to closely review and analyse the extent of effectiveness of the graduates of urban development at B.A. level in the University of Arts. Regarding the scope and description of research techniques, this review includes an evaluation of a seven-year period ()students who entered university from 1999 to 2005 and graduated from 2003 to 2009)(. In this connection, the indicators for measuring the effectiveness of the training system used in Urban development faculty, such as the extent of absorption in labour market, and the extent they fulfill professional and general needs, and ultimately, promotion to higher levels will be studied and analyzed. Generally, this research is an applied one that draws on descriptive, survey based, and analytical methods. In order to reach to a theoretical framework and compile evaluation indicators, this research has adopted a method that is based on documents and library works. The tools of the research that have been used for data gathering were mainly questionnaires that were compiled based on research questions and hypothesis. The information gathered was analyzed through SPSS software and statistical models ()especially Chi-square test)(. The outcomes of these researches suggest that largely, this group had been successful in realization of its research objectives. However, the existing conditions are far from desirable and require accurate educational planning and reviewing the course book contents and training methods.
    Keywords: Assessment, Graduates, Training, Urban development, University of Arts
  • Nafiseh Radjahanbani, Parvin Partovi Page 25
    Each City as a dynamic and alive organic, in order to attainment health and survival for residents, needs to have a good quality urban environment. In fact, this property means everything that leads to improving people’s quality of life and their relationship with city. Nowadays, Iranian cities in terms of quality of life face with a variety of problems of economic, social, physical, governance, infrastructural and environmental issues that related directly with urban environment quality. The most important problem in this issue is the significant differences between various spaces in urban neighborhoods. Unfortunately there is no comprehensive study for identifying the indicators of environmental quality for assuming the difference of manmade places. This problem can cause a gradual decline at quality of life and environment. Continuing consequence of this issue can lead to decrement of human excellence which is the most important requirement for sustainability of present and future generations. There fore, among the main goals of this research is Such as explanation the urban quality factors as well as surveying the differences between organic and planned communities in orders of this features. Therefore, for achieving the Mentioned goal, Khiaban and Elgoli neighborhoods were selected as organic and planned communities in Tabriz. This Research is based on two hypotheses. The first Hypothesis examines that physical- spatial and factors environmental are better quality in planned neighborhoods, against the organic community have upper quality related to socio-cultural criteria. Theoretical framework and factors affecting the quality of environment in this thesis are extracted through Lynch, Appleyard, and Nasar ones. Appraisal model of sustainable urban environmental quality is creative in five main modules: physical–spatial, social–cultural, economic, and environmental and governance – management. This model is a form of hierarchy structure with ‘top-down’ approach that is called a “value tree”. The main methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical approach and AHP method ()hierarchy process)(is applied for analyzing the data. For collecting the necessary information field observation, expert interviews and questionnaire are used. The most interview respondents are consisting of each neighborhood residential. The findings and the showed that any of the organic and planned neighborhoods in the different urban contexts have difference qualities about indicators of urban environmental quality. As a consequence, the authors found that, Elgoli planned neighborhood with 0.656 point is more qualified than organic Khiaban community with 0.344 point. The factors such as physical, spatial, environmental ones have better position in Elgoli neighborhood while socio-cultural and economical criteria are better in Khiaban neighborhood. The main determinant of environmental quality in Elgoli neighborhood is the objective and functional indicators. Dwelling quality, accessibility quality and function, activities quality can better define this neighborhood quality. Adherence to traditions, Top social interactions, Efforts to achieve justice and Poverty reduction class Causes Improving the quality of social and cultural factors in Khiaban neighborhood. Governance factor are alike in both neighborhoods. In total, counting the five values and priorities of the main components environmental quality, Tabriz Elgoly neighborhood as a planned Environment is confirmed than Khiaban neighborhood as an organic urban context. The desirability of 80% of residents also want them to live in planned neighborhoods are confirmed.
    Keywords: Urban environment, Environment quality, Neighborhood, Sustainable development
  • Ahmad Bonakdar, Fariba Gharai Page 51
    This paper provides a review of some of the key urban design approaches and an analysis examining the paradigm shift in urban design principles from physical, social and perceptual components towards a place-making approach. It argues that the place making in the last two decades has become the dominant approach in urban design. Focusing on local communities’ assets and aspiration, place-making seeks to enhance the socio-spatial role of public spaces with distinctive character. Since its emergence and rise to significance over the past 50 years urban design has been defined as a practice that gives shape to the built environment and human settlement. As an activity that has been rediscovered and reinvigorated in recent years, urban design has become a serious and significant area of academic literature, as well as the public policy and professional practice. The term ‘urban design’ came into currency in North America in the late 1950s, replacing and superseding the more traditional and the term ‘civic design’ with its narrower scope. Traditional approaches, before the early stages of urban design formation, mainly concerned with the superficial and architectural aspects; predominantly product-oriented, which focused on physical, aesthetic and visual factors of urban spaces, rather than on the social aspects. The essential value of townscape approach developed in the early 1960s lies in its uninhibited, personal and expressive response to space. Despite being greatly criticized, townscape tradition is often regarded as an artistic approach to urban design, in which the sense of place and public perception has generally been neglected. Between early 1960s and1980s, the physical components paled into insignificance in comparison with the social approach. Attempts to develope a more comprehensive framework began to be published in the 1970s and 1980s. There were several publications in which re-formulation of aesthetic factors were based on human behavior, aspirations and expectations. These design considerations were explicitly reflected in design criteria, resulted in emerging a number of principles. Synthesizing the earlier approaches, urban design faced with urban space as an aesthetic entity and behavioral setting with the conception of diversity, activity and integrity. The main consequence of this broader idea was place-making notion in early 1990s, - the new interest in urban design as a form of - and a contribution to - primarily resulting from a process-oriented approach to urban design, in which, the quality of the public realm – (both physical and socio-cultural)(– as well as making and managing the meaningful ‘places’ for people to enjoy and utilize have substantially been concerned. More recently, the quest for more sustainable urban form has become a more explicit component. Places are of crucial importance for enhancing the true meaning of urban life and increasing the sense of place, social cohesion and interaction. The method applied in this work is largely descriptive and interpretive based on secondary data analysis. This article, with a substantial contribution from the literature of the past five decades, concludes the rising significance of place-making approach in design principles with emphasis on sustainable development. The evidence shows that a good design ensures attractive. Usable, durable and adaptable places; and is a key element in achieving sustainable development.
    Keywords: Place-making, Urban Design Principles, Townscape Tradition, Perception, Approach
  • Mostafa Behzadfar, Hossien Nourmohammadzad Page 71
    The structure is among others concept in which it can be studied in the Urban Historic physical Texture system of Yazd city. This texture is spread and complex. The mentioned system includes different structures. For discussing about the structure of this system, it was needed to be studied its texture. The frequency of subjects of the texture is caused to indicate to only some cases that it is connected by its structure. This research has been studied by systematic approach. The method of this research is a descriptive-analytical one. First the structure concept was definite and then the structure connection model was designed by the structure concept and connection theory model. The framework and theoretical foundation of this research was formed on base system theory and abovementioned cases. These subjects formed the theoretical foundation and outlook of this research in order to compose the structure of this system. This research is produced by observations and studies as well as the analysis of the system. Studies showed that the Urban Historic physic texture system of Yazd city is the resultant of different subsystems textures. For example: landuses, districts texture, superblocks texture, blocks and unites subsystem texture ()internal texture)(. External textures are produced by this texture relation with containing and equivalent systems of it. Woof, Wrap, Knot and Web are elements of it as well as its subsystems. The Webs were produced by woofs, wraps, and knots arrangement in next together. Many different varieties of these webs have been observed in them. They were formed connections by relations between woof, wrap, knot and web in each of subsystems. Weaving and adhesiveness are two origin relationships in the connections between texture elements. Matrix is adhesiveness factor of elements in the Urban Historic physic texture of Yazd city and its subsystems. This texture has been produced by horizontal and vertical textures of landuse, districts, superblocks, blocks, and unites subsystem. The structures of subsystems are match with their textures. They have been created by different structures of landuse, districts, superblocks, blocks, unites subsystem. Units division, connectors, nods and boundaries are elements of structure. These elements have different varieties of connection in each of subsystems of the Urban Historic physic texture of Yazd city and they have made separate structure in them. It is resultant all of them. In this system and its subsystems were considered bus, central, organic, checkered, and Hybrid Structures. Furthermore, It was recognized horizontal and vertical Structure in some Subsystems of this system. Totaling of these studies showed that the structure of the Urban Historic physic texture of Yazd city is resultant of the horizontal and vertical Structure. Each of these structures are created by a lot of internal and external connections, for example: one by one, one by some and some by some connections of shapes of landuse Subsystems and their relationships with together in intermediate, shapes of districts and their relationships with together in the intermediate, shapes of superblocks and their relationships with together in the intermediate, shapes of blocks and their relationships with together in the intermediate, and shapes of unites of the Urban Historic physic texture system of Yazd city and their relationships with together in the intermediate. This structure follows hierarchy principle.
    Keywords: System, Subsystem, Urban Historic Physic Texture, Connection, Structure
  • Bit Hajebi, Mahmood Arzhmand Page 89
    Nowadays, a socio-economic program or process which conserves natural resources, yet can response the needs of present generations of the society and posterity, is considered as a Sustainable System. A type of this kind of planning for development could be observed in traditional Islamic societies which is a one thousand years old one, and is called Vaghf ()endowment)(. In Islamic cities, we usually encounter some complex structures that because of the accomplishment of the tradition of Vaghf are more persistent than the other structures and have survived with their same original function, because in their deed of endowment, the benefactors mentioned to the function of the building as an unalterable provision. Furthermore, most of the revenues of endowed properties were spent for restoration and conservation of the buildings. Also some of these revenues were spent for subsidizing the students, teachers and other employees in the schools which it caused students to educate without worry. So these types of complexes protected their endowed properties and brought forth their sustainability. By the time of legitimization of “Shiism” religion¬ in “Safavid era”, the clergy paid attention to religious schools to develop and promote the religion. So, many schools were built in this era. Another evolution occurred in this period; the tradition of “endowment” was prevailed, that it led to a relative independence of schools. Because the revenues of consecrated places were spent for expenditures of schools, so before the formation of a governmental organization for education, people constructed Maktab and Madrasa ()primary schools and high schools)(and devoted them to Muslims, so this way helped popularity and persistence of the structures over the time. On the other hand, in the deeds of endowments, different functions of Madrasas were mentioned during the provisions and it was emphasized that the schools should be multipurpose. In fact these spaces were used for public utilizations such as performance of daily prayers by locals. This public usage alongside with the main educational functions caused that attention be paid to the important role of these schools as multipurpose structures in urban construction. This caused to link schools with the community. By investigation and analyzing of these educational spaces, it is inferred that structures of these schools were flexible and responsible to the different needs. So, we can define the effects of endowment over the Madrasas in two parts; the first part does not have any anatomic aspect, like subsidizing the grant to the students of the schools, and the second part is directly concerned with structural and architectural specifications of schools and their physical visual appearance. Therefore, in this essay, by investigation into deeds of endowments and itineraries of Safavid period, and analyzing the space of the Madrasas of this period, the authors have tried to explain the effects of endowment on curriculum and architecture of Safavid schools, and finally they will make clear the impact of its effects on sustainability of the schools of the mentioned era.
    Keywords: Vaghf, Endowment, Safavid period, Sustainability, Madrasa
  • Alireza Fallahi, Azadeh Khodabandehloo Page 103
    The present study aims to examine the programs and projects related to vulnerability reduction and to deal with earthquakes in neighborhood areas, and also to plan disaster risk mitigation in Ekbatan Complex, Phase 1. Since Tehran Metropolis is located on earthquake-rising faults, planning for differentareas of this metropolis, such as neighborhoods risk reduction management tasks, is one of the crucial priorities in order to organize a pre-planning disaster activities and operations. Such programmingmay decrease the possibilities of the number of fatalities, as well as the losses and damages.Having studied the experiences of Iran and disaster prone-countries with regard to planning for earthquakes confrontation in the residential buildings reveals the significance of suitability of community-based approaches in order to achieve appropriate and on-time responses on emergency conditions. The available evidence indicates that working with communities not for them is a key point in successful programs. Using local knowledge and active resident participation in pre-disaster planning projects has resulted in using appropriate local resources and a sufficient relationship with authorities and relief organizations. In addition, such cooperation may pave the ways of achieving of the objectives, priorities and planning strategies. Additionally in this course, a number of activities are placed at the center of focus, such as absorption of the inhabitants’ involvement and enabling them to take some actions to improve safety measures, to set up institutions in the neighborhoods, and to attract the governmental offices’ support with the purpose of vulnerability reduction. A combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods in Ekbatan Complex has led to represent a model for planning to face earthquake risks within the neighborhoods. The proposed model includes four stages such as, organization of the resources and setting up the planning team, risk assessment, planning and implementation. According to the findings derived from the risk assessment of the field study, social-cultural programs and managerial arrangements may be considered more significance with regard to planning as well as the physical programs can be focused on retrofitting non-structural and infrastructural elements, due to the average vulnerability level of this area. Considering the results of the field study and risk evaluation, several programs have been organized such as setting up the volunteer teams amongst the inhabitants, training programs and safe keeping as well as maintaining the buildings, properly. Furthermore, it seems that there is an appropriate ground to set up a local council independent institution in the Ekbatan neighborhood or township. Such institution, which benefits greatly from the financial and technological support of the Disaster Management Center of the Fifth Zone in Tehran Municipality, may act as a connecting means among the state organizations, non-state ones and the local people and may organize various programs to reduce the vulnerability in the Ekbatan Complex.
    Keywords: Vulnerability reduction, Mitigation planning, Earthquake, Ekbatan complex
  • Alireza Einifar, Mohammad Hasan Khademzade Page 123
    Architectural works of the Atabakan era are among the Iranian works which rarely have been considered in the course of chronologic studies. At first Atabakan were appointed by the Seljuqid as stewards and assistants for the Seljuk princes and as the central power of Seljuqid grew faint, they gained more power and turned into local dynasties. In this era, which is simultaneous with the extensive attack of Moguls to Iran, the areas under their controls remained free of involvements and destructions, because of their scheme and foresight. Based on the tranquility that was rendered in the central areas of Iran, great scientific, cultural, mystic and even economical personalities of Iran had tendencies to live in these areas. The result was the extension of cities and creation of various architectural works with the especial land-related character. Yazd went under control of the Atabaki government from 1141 to 1318 and faced with lots of positive changes because of them, that their effects in the aspects of architecture and other types of art on later eras is undeniable. This article tries to recognize and analyze the governmental court complex of Atabak Qotb-Al’Din, through referring to the historical texts. According to existing documents this complex included a house (governmental palace)(, a school, a tomb and a square in front of them most likely for social rituals)(, but right now nothing has remained from the square and what we have today is a house at the beginning of Fahadan neighborhood from the East and inside the destructed tower of the city known as the Taq-Bolandha or Hosseinian House, the tomb which is known as Gonbad e Hasht, and the school as Hosseinieh Hasht. These are examples of the building that has been build in Atabakan era and can present valuable guidance for recognition of architectural and artistic properties of this era, and so it can be used widely in writing the history of Iran’s architecture. The complex of Dowlat Khaneh of Atabak Qotb-Al’Din was build during the reign of Atabak Esfahsalar Abi Mansour known as Sultan Qotb-Al’Din between 1218 and 1226. He, who was the sixth Emir of the Atabaki Emirs of Yazd, had a mystic tendency and liked the companion of the mystics and devotees, because of this, people accepted his government and he could largely improve the welfare of Yazd. The interpretational-historical research method is related to the historical texts and comparison and matching of related buildings. The study of the sample complex shows that in the composition of the Atabaki buildings, the school or the high dome-house ()Gonbad-khaneh)(as the tomb existed beside the big houses of the rich or the governors. Meanwhile, elements like two campaniles in two sides of the entry, single layered domes on a square-shaped plan, octagonal neck of the dome and using azure color composed with gold for interior decoration were common in this era and can be generalized to other architectural works of Atabakan era of Yazd.
    Keywords: Atabakan, School, Dome-house, House ()Sara)(, Dowlat-khaneh
  • Fatemeh Hashemi, Shahin Heidari Page 129
    Evaluation of Iranian architectural typology shows that the formation of building()s)(, either in single form or as a complex- is combined based on three models of open spaces, as well as the closed and covered ones. In historical houses, yard as the Main open space, represents coexistence with nature. From the viewpoint of space organization in historical houses, courtyard is an open room to the sky, with specified body which its floor is adorned with trees, soil and water. The best sample of courtyard with some climatic consideration can be observed in historical parts of the tropical desert cities of Iran. Architectural buildings in this climate, by constructing a central courtyard in the building and insertion water pond and garden in it, create suitable climatic conditions for human comfort. In cold climates, according to the issue of confidentiality, nobility and adherence to the traditional houses in desert areas, buildings were built with a central courtyard. But because of the mountainous characteristicof areas, the climates or weather often have cold; so using the courtyard was limited to the summers, and therefore they were smaller than the courtyards of the central plateau regions of Iran. According to what central courtyard in cold climates usually locker ability at improving climatic condition.This study introduces a courtyard with climatic performance in cold condition for cold climate with close attention to solar greenhouses. This paper describes the function of summer and winter operations given by modeling in energy calculation software, called “Energy Plus”. The final output of computer simulation is the average of air temperature of winter yard during one-year period for comparing thermal comfort condition in this space with outdoor one. In order to evaluate the thermal conditions from human’s comfort viewpoint and determining the importance of each climatic element in open spaces, Olgey bioclimatic tables are been used. In this study, the city of Ardabil has been selected as a sample for checking the thermal comfort conditions in open spaces. According to bioclimaticgraph of Ardabil, shows that in this city, winter weather is so cold, even in the hottest hours of sunny days. Notably in open spaces the weather condition is not acceptable even with solar energy, winter clothing and suitable metabolic rate. In this city, there are 144 days in a year ()39%)(that could be comfort in outdoor spaces, but rest of the year is not. that is possible to create a comfort condition in 244 days in a year 67%)(by recommendations which have been presented in this paper, which is built a winter courtyard. Winter courtyard beyond the advantages witch mentioned above, can reduce surrounding building heat loads in two ways: by glasses and increasing temperature in winter court yard because of sun radiation, heat loss of surrounding shell decreased by 75%. This causes a 10% decrease in building heating loads and because of 41 days of a year that the temperature is fairly above the comfort level it could be use a to preheat the indoor temperature. Totally winter yard can reduces building heating loads about 18%.
    Keywords: Winter yard, thermal comfort, Energy plus software, House, Heating load
  • Hossein Pournaderi Page 155
    The historical Ali-Quli-Aqa complex is the second important fine architectural created after glorious Bazar, Madresa, Carvansarai of Charbaq, Isfahan belonging to Soltan Hossein period, the last king of Safavid. The architecture context from Tabriz to Isfahan interchange were periodically strong or elegant, at the last duration became delicate and poetic and architectural materials, ornaments and inscription’s content emphasis this idea. Unlike several similar buildings of this period which contain many signs referring to name of Shiaa’ Imam Ali on the mosaic surface of entrance panels, there is no such apparent, but a few epigraphs of Quran’s Ayat -verses- however when scrutinized, one could find myriad of meaningful symbols, which implicitly refer the same holly names of Shiaa’ -Ali the first Imam and Immaculate. What hide these names are the keys such “Allah”, the first article of “Allah” -in Farsi- and also a lot of motives called “Pili” and patterns named “Gereh”. The structure of these motives, signs and patterns are formed paper hypothesis. There is a likely curtain covered on known architectural elements and content by a few unknown simple signs. A symbolized number -110- which abode to Ali is emphasized and formed the panels the analogy of entrance elements. Based on in-site studies and survey, this paper reveals the hidden secrets embedded in the motives of Ali-Quli-Aqa mosque. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how these secrets make the basis for the proportions employed in the entrance of mosque. The reasons of such effort would be the emotion and delight’s address because of decode the addresser –architect and designers– and addressed –priers and people– coherence, which used for wrap around fine arts like literary, geometric patterns and ornamentals related to architecture. These fine techniques, in this case were not understood easily. Hence, complicating and exaggerating semantic –Ali–Quli–Aqa mosque and Charbaq Madresa-school -for example were both wisely and beautiful. On the other hand these observations would related to psychical and social circumstance as well as the political ones. At the frontal panels of Sardar –entrance– there are two motives like “ا” the first article of “Allah”, and on the two sides panels two “Allah” completely-للها -. These words ()or signs)(appear in cases seemed normally, but no relationship between them makes us curious. Questions: What the motives are? What are their significations? What relationship they explain among the other signs, motives of Sardar and also between themselves? What are the contents? These questions formed a hypothesis: The motives, like curtains are covered the intelligible of signs and their relations, and these secrets are found out by the symbolized number and geometric patterns. This paper compares few similar portal details built at this period and also emphasizes on Ali-quli-aqa mosque and Chaharbaq school portal which are completed at the same time. The proportions basic geometric pattern named -konde 2panj- are the same panels of “Allah” background proportions which make the whole Sardar proportions.
    Keywords: Sardar, Ali-Quli-Aqa mosque, Charbaq madresa, Safavid architecture, Pili motif