مجله سلول و بافت
سال چهارم شماره 1 (بهار 1392)

Plant-microbe interactions are considered to be important processes determining the efficiency of phytoremediation of petroleum pollution. The use of legume-Rhizobium is a suitable method for modification of petroleum-contaminated soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of Acacia– Rhizobium symbiosis in petroleum-polluted soil. The three-day acacia-seedlings were transferred to hydroponic medium and inoculated with rhizobium. Then، the 13-days seedlings transferred to polluted soil with different concentration of crude oil، that is; 0% as control and 1-5% (vol. /Wight)، at the start and end of the 90-days period. Soil samples were analyzed for hydrocarbon removal (total hydrocarbon، n-tridecan، n-tetradecan and n-pantadecan) by GC-FID. Contents of Pb، Zn and Cd were measured with atomic absorption from soil and plant roots. The data were statistically analyzed with the help of SPSS11 and Duncan ‘test. The results showed accumulation of heavy metal in plant roots and it’s reducing in soil. Hydrocarbon reduction was found over the course of the experiment in all treatments. The maximum removal was obtained in plants inoculated with rhizobium at 4% treatment، in which inoculated-acacia removed 97-100% of the hydrocarbons from soil. There fore inoculation Rubinia pseudoacacia with Rhizobia are effective in removing TPHs and heavy metals from petroleum polluted soil. Based upon these results، Rubinia pseudoacacia L. inoculated with rhizobium can be used as lead and cadmium bioaccumulator in petroleum pollution and was selected for the phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil.

Alyssum inflatum is an endemic of serpentine soils from western Iran and hypeaccumulates Ni. In this study، to investigate the mechanisms involved in the tolerance of high concentrations of Ni، a callus culture method was used to have a system with lower complexities in organ and tissue organization in compare to a whole plant. Calli were proliferated on MS medium containing of 1. 5 and 0. 1mg/l 2،4-D and kinetin respectively، treated by different concentrations of Ni (0،100، 200،300،400، 500 and 600) in light and dark conditions and different tolerance parameters including of growth، chlorophyll content and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were measured. The results showed that light both stimulates growth and higher Ni tolerance in calli. Among the other measured parameters، a positive relation was observed between increased tolerance and activity of catalyses while in that condition there were no increased activities in superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxides. Tissue culture methods could be used for study the tolerance of plants، avoiding of tissue and organ complexities. Conclusions from the current study based on the increment of tolerance observed at light، suggest the effect of cell differentiation on tolerance. The results of such simple systems could be reasonably extended to the whole plant.

To investigate spermatogenesis in the Marsh frog living in Makhmalkooh، Khorramabad، and determine which type of spermatogenesis found in this species. 34 male frogs were collected from the study area during September to February. First، the specimens were identified by measuring biometric، meristic characters and according the present keys. Then، abdominal cavity was dissected and the gonads were out and processed to prepare for histological sections methods. The tissue sections were finally examined for histological features and three quantitative parameters. Microscopic observations showed that in this species the event of sperm releasing starts in March and continue to June، during which spermatogenic cysts are observed on the wall of seminiferous tubules. This event ceases during July to September when spermatogenesis enters to its resting phase. During the resting phase the cysts are not found in the seminiferous tubules. A regenerative phase was distinguished during September to March as the number of cell increased in germinal layer. Quantitative surveys also illustrated that during March to September، diameter of the tubules and their germinal layer initially increased and then declined while the lumen’s diameter showed an opposite flux when compared with two other parameters. Based on the results presented here، it seems that in this species the spermatogenesis does not occur as continuous but it is carried out in the form of semi-continuous or potentially continuous.

This research utilized reversal theory to examine the role of metamotivational dominance، emotions، tension-effort stress and cardiovascular fitness of elite wrestling determines in a simulated activity. In this semi-experimental study، 20 elite wrestling of Ahwaz city objectively selected as sample. For identification of wrestling metamotivational dominance and maximal uptake oxygen (Vo2 max) used to the Telic Dominance Scale and Asterand test respectively. In pretest phase، participants completed the Tension-Effort questionnaire; then، it’s run on the treadmill in a simulated activity with 80-85% Vo2 max (the activity include 3 phases 2 minutes with 30 second rest between phases). Again، participants completed the Tension-Effort questionnaire in post test phase. The wrestling heart rate recorded in per phases. After checking the date’s normality using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and variances equality with Levene test، dates analyzed with one way variance analyze with repeated measure، independent t test and LSD post hoc test statistical methods. The results indicated that there was significant difference between telic and paratelic wrestling in negative emotions (sig= 0. 001)، heart rate (sig= 0. 01)، tension stress (sig= 0. 001) and effort stress (sig= 0. 001). The comparison of groups mean indicated that paratelic wrestling have higher positive emotion (2. 90) and lower negative emotions (1. 44)، tension stress (1. 72) and effort stress (1. 63) than telic wrestling. The results of the current study indicated that the wrestling with metamotivational state perception and it’s participate in activities with better performance، pleasant emotions and lower stress; it is likely attained to the them goals. The results completely confirmed the reversal theory postulation.

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.)، belonging to Asteraceae as an Iranian native-landscape plant، has a well-known position in traditional medicine. But، its seeds are dormant. The current study investigated the most efficient hormonal treatment to break the species dormancy. The seeds were treated using gibberellic acid، kinetin and auxin (100، 250، 500 and 1000 ppm) –and 24-epibrassinolid (0. 5 and 1 ppm) for 24 and 48 h. Also، a combined treatment of gibberellic acid (500 ppm) and pre-chilling (for 5، 10 and 15 d) was accomplished. All treatments significantly increased seed germination in milk thistle; though the most effective treatment was gibberellic acid (500 ppm) which caused 70% increasing in seed germination. Kinetin and auxin (100 ppm) and 24-epibrassinolid (0. 5 ppm)، in 24 h respectively increased seed germination about، 40%، 38% and 60%. Also combination of gibberellic acid (500 ppm) and chilling (5d) treatment increased seed germinating 60%. Results showed gibberellic acid (500 ppm) is the best treatment for breaking of Silybum marianum seed dormancy.

In cholestasis changing bile acids and salts and opioids is associated with trauma، fibrosis and necrosis liver tissue. For examination of liver truma advance، this study shows time effects of closing bile duct on rat liver histological changes.

Cholestasis was induced in male Wistar rats by bilateral ligation of bile duct and cutting. Animals were divided to four groups (Sham، 7، 13 and 21 days after cholestasis). Rats were killed under anesthesia and immediately their livers were dissected. The specimens were processed routinely and were sectioned into 5 microns thickness slices. The sections were stained by Hematoxiline-Eosin (H&E) method and then studied using optical microscope.

Seven days after cholestasis، hepatocyte necrosis and cell disarrangements were observed in liver sections. Thirteen days after cholestasis، necrotic cells were increased and wrinkle chromatic nuclei were seen. Twenty-one days after cholestasis widespread necrosis was seen. Nuclei condensation and bill duct reproduction were observed. Also cell wall disappeared and tissue was out of order.

Data showed that after disease progression and accumulation of bill salts and acids، expansion of necrosis and fibrosis were rapid، and creation of cirrhosis is a good reason for rapid recognition and treatment of the cholestasis.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate of berberry fruit extract in the sensitive period of pregnancy on growth and changes histomorfometric in fetal mouse liver. Twenty pregnant mice were equally divided into four groups: Control group did not receive any injection، Sham group received distilled water and experimental groups received berberry extract (4 and 40 mg/kg) intraperitoneally on days 7، 8 and 9 of gestation. Female mice were killed on gestation day 18 and each fetus was removed and examined for external malformations. Histological studies were done on fetal liver. No significant differences in indicators of embryotoxicity were found among control، sham and 4 mg/kg groups. Our results showed administration of extract of berberry fruit to pregnant mice in the 40 mg/kg group could induce some malformation such as micromelia، spina bifida، subcutaneous hemorrhage، Placenta and fetal atrophy. Mean crown-rump length of fetuses and mean placental diameters of 40 mg/kg group was significantly decreased compared to control group. Histomorfometric study of liver tissue of fetuses revealed that mean total surface of hepatocytes significantly increasedin 40 mg/kg group compared to control group. However، liver sinosuids significantly decreasedin 40 mg/kg group compared to control group. Mean number of hepatocyte nuclei significantly increased in 40 mg/kg groups compared to control group. It seems that administration of 40 mg/kg extract of beberry fruit to pregnant mice may because abnormalities in fetal growth and histological changes of fetal liver tissue.

The aim of this study was to evaluate histometrical and stereological properties of the different tissue layers in male and female goats. To study the microscopic structure of the goat esophagus by stereological method، the eight healthy adult goats from both sexes were selected and the cervical region was dissected and esophagus removed. The obtained samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution and then prepared tissue sections، stained with hematoxylin and eosin and studied using light microscopy. Results showed that there are significant variation in micrometry thicknesses of the submucosal and muscular layer at the cervical and thoracic regions (P<0. 05). The stereological results showed that mean volume of the esophageal muscular layer was significantly greater in male than female، but in other layers significant differences between both sexes was not observed (P>0. 05). Although morphometrical results showed that there are significant variations in different layers of the esophagus tissue، but stereological results showed no significant difference.

Ovariectomy decreases epithelial thickness of endometrium، number of cells and mucosal glands and changes other layers of uterus. Quercetin as a flavonoid has several properties، including free radical scavenger and antioxidant. This study has considered quercetin effects on uterus tissue in ovariectomized rats. In this study، 25 female Wistar rats were divided in 5 groups (5 samples per group): control، ovariectomized، ovariectomized-treated quercetin، non ovariectomized-treated quercetin، and sham. 15mg/kg bw/day was intraperitonellay injected for 15 days. At the end، after rat euthanization by Ether and removing their uterus، uterus tissues were fixed in formalin saline (10%). The tissue sections were prepared and studied using light microscope after H & E staining. The thickness of endometrial layer in ovariectomized rats decreased significantly and changed to cubic cells. Cells and glands numbers were significantly decreased in comparison with control. Endometrium thickness، cell and glands numbers significantly increased in ovariectomized-treated quercetin. The results showed that quercetin can improve changes arising from ovariectomy in uterus tissue as antioxidant، when ovarian hormones are absent.

Dunaliella as a phytoplanktonic unicellular alga is important in aquatic organism nutrition (special in salinity waters). Chlorophyll (chl) content in relation to other algal biomass characteristics was studied under different culture media conditions for better strain selection. Different Iranian and foreign strains alga were exposed to nitrate deficiency، light، iron and salt increasing treatments. Then some physiological characters such as chls contents، cell number، dry weight، photosynthesis and respiration were measured in control and treated samples. Different stresses caused decreasing cell number، chls contents and also changing in chla/chlb ratio from 5 to 15. The amount of chla and total chl on a per cell basis (10-6 cells)، at all conditions and the chla amount per ml، only at control showed positive or possitive is correct significant correlation with strains dry weight. Chla or total chl per 106 cells had negative significant correlation with cell numbers per ml in all of conditions. Algal biomass evaluation that almost is assessed by chla content، do not have a direct relationship with the cell number or dry weight at all cases. Therefore، the higher dry weight، chl content and also cell divisions introduced as better and more suitable indicators for strain selection than others. Strains 10 and 11، having more dry weight at both conditions (control and treatments) nearly with the higher chl content، then 4، 6 and 13 could be introduced.