فصلنامه مطالعات شهر ایرانی اسلامی
پیاپی 8 (تابستان 1391)

The simple fret was innovated by God-seeking masons and faithful architecture for the architectural works of Saljuk period. The pleasant style of the fret and its principles and rules gave rise to its thriving state. In Ilkhani period، the slept and straight frets decorated architectural works. The high changing periods of arts dependent on Taimuri architecture brought about various types of frets and was immensely in use in the Iranian great architectural works of Taimouri period. In Safavid period، various and beautiful branches of frets، as the outcome of the art of architects، masons and even calligraphers were devised and used in the decorations of Iranian architectural works. In Afshariyeh and Zandiyeh، the innovation of new frets continued. In the long period of Qajar، the phenomenon of frets and innovation of some branches of it was in fact a kind of confrontation with other architectural arts such as plasterworks، mirror works، painting and other cases. In the Second Pahlavi period، new phenomena of frets was created for the Islamic works. Islamic Revolution periods also brought about sacred arts in various forms and crated many values of diverse frets with a specific pleasant image for the Islamic works and the innovation of frets increased day by day.

The goal of this research is to explain systematical steps for achieving comprehensive urban management in Iran; to solve a fundamental question pertained to urban management and to attempt to answer this question: «How necessities and ways to achieve comprehensive and dynamic urban management will be in Iran?» The first part of this research is concerned with analyzing present position of urban management from three aspects: 1. Municipalities and urban councils in Iran have lack of authorizes in urban management. In fact، Municipalities in Iran are subdivision of government which holds entire authorities of urban management. 2. Applied Immaturity and maturity Theory in this research shows that both of urban and government management have been in Immaturity mode. 3. Dominant point of view to urban management in Iran since «constitution period» has been merging city in government which has to be redefined by a three-dimension model of city، citizen and government. According to the introduced dimensions and results of the study، it is attempted to specify steps for achieving comprehensive urban management in Iran by citizens'' participation. These steps include: 1. Necessity of keeping balance between task and authority in urban management. 2. Substitution of government-citizen relation with comprehensive urban management-citizen relation. 3. Comprehensive definition of authorities of citizen، municipality، city council and government in urban management. 4. Specifying obligations of urban management structure in Iran and diversity of management among models in «niyazmand»، «tarazmand»، «farazmand» and «Mostamand» cities.

Urban sustainable development is a major issue in urban planning literature. Since the city is composed of aggregated urban quarters، the discussion of quarter sustainability that quarter identity and civic life seems important. Every city has a collection of material and spiritual values that are introduced as a precious asset in the physical space. So the recognition of these values and converting the instrument to identify factors requires an integrated and comprehensive program based on historical and cultural context of the city. This research has been conducted about the components of quality landscape and resident perception because context landscape play an important role in creating the desired visual identity. So inconsistency between the design and new construction in the vicinity of historical context creates visual pollution in the quarter as well as identity crisis in the urban landscape. Aim of this research is evaluation of the identity components for historic quarter of city and surrounding tissue sample Jame Mosque of Isfahan. Research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and is implemented via a survey. The presented analysis in this research is based on the mental image of 50quarter residents. Statistics were calculated with «chi-square» and «Z» test and the software «spss»، data were analyzed. The results indicate that 52 percent of the image residents to indicator component and 46 percent remaining to front mentioned. So the elevation paly important role in cognitive image formation. It is necessary to avoid actions that cause destruction of Quarter’s landscape. This will contribute to maintaining and enhancing the quarter identity and will lead to a sustainable quarter and city.

Tehran mega city as a capital of country has different functions. The interference in central fabric of this city is very adventurous، long time for doing، complicated and sensitive. This matter was interested for urban planners and urban designers. Interference in eroded fabric of Tehran city brings out the way of rehabilitation and intervention so with carrying out a project of renovation in the corner of this fabric will be diffuse to the other parts of fabric. The information of this research collected by observation، photography، necessary maps، interviews and complete questionnaires and analyze them with descriptive – analytic method and AIDA technique. The results show that the role of the people factors in rehabilitation and renovation - Participative renovation - in eroded fabric is more serious than the other factors in the quarter. In other words، the presence and role of the people must be noted in certainty of renovation.

Security and sense of secure as the basic needs of citizens are very important. Urban studies for explain criteria of good environment consider security as one of the quality of life indexes with many theories that support it. Secure urban spaces can supply high calmness، relationship and social activity that can led to satisfaction as a cognitive aspect of quality of life. In this paper after reviewing literature in three dimensions: “perception”، “activity”، “form” that shape urban land scape. Main criteria for measuring sense of security have introduced، those are “sense of place”، “identity”، “interpretative”، “significant image and clarify”، “general perception and visual pleasure”، “form and morphology”. theoretical literature of this research consider “experimental” research Method، and survey analysis by means of “data collecting” from «questionnaire» will be done. Also Data analyzing based on quantitative measure relationship between sense of security and urban land scape have done with hierarchical multiple regression method. Factor analysis and Cronbach''s Alfa method had been used to measure questioner Validity and reliability. Results show that all three levels in the measurement model have a significant relationship (p <0. 05) about case study (Evine neighborhood). Results also show that sense of secure have significant delta with mean (3). It means most of citizens have feel low sense of secure in Evine neighborhood.

The urban public space has been one of the most important elements of spatial structure of city and a context for formation of various cultural، economical، social، religious and other activities which has palpitated as the heart of city through history and narrated it`s story. The old and historical urban fabric، because of its role in unifying body of city and also because of its hidden physical، historical and cultural values، has been the best sign of civic identity. Those values، which old cities had as their own physical specifications، have been expressed inpublic spaces and architectural/urban elements. They are being emanated from culture of citizens. Urban plans،in last five decades، had no consideration to those values and destroyed traditional urban fabric. Therefore thematter of producing، enhancement and developing the suitable، active، dynamic and alive urban public spaces has become anstrategic goal for urban designers to regenerate quality of urban environments. Recognition: Dokhatun square in Shahr-E-Kord city is situated in Darb-E–Emamzadeh neighborhood in old contexture of city. The religious function and commercial role of its adjacent bodies have not only caused forming a Persian- Islamic urban space، but also have formed the central core of city. Such potentials and roles have converted it to a unique urban place. The importance of this square and adjacent shrine is to the extents that all local residents of city believe that they must inevitably bless the beginning of their everyday life with the presence next to it. These features have motivated new plans of development in “Organizing Plan of old fabric of Shahr-E-Kord” for Imamzedeh-Do-Khatun squareto be designed and built in wider dimensions. Since some sections of this square (surrounded between Valiasr Street، new built phase 1 &2 commercial buildings، shrine Dokhatun building and Dar-E Emamzadeh historical public bath) doesn’t have desired public space features (such as lightings، urban furniture، flooring and etc.)، it is necessary to provide an integrated design for its townscape whichcan combine various layers of landscape together and also coverthe new commercial bodies and the existing historical bodies. In this article، meanwhile studying existing situation، recognition properties of squares، analyzing these properties and studying written supportive documents، is respected to checking designated urban squares and successful samples of world too in order to both synthesis mess and content and also preparing provisions to create desired، dynamic and vital public space in future limited area of Dokhatun square in form of anurban square (plaza) in context of its landscape. Analysis: Analysis and recognition of existing situation of Dokhatun square in form of a urban square (plaza)، is based on identifying its physical and functional properties. Existing layers or more clearly، existing data of this plan، contain existing historical buildings، new built or under construction commercial buildings، avenues coinciding on historical passages، activities with historical context، historical and cultural context of Shahr-E- Eord and Chahar-Mahal-E- Bakhtiari province with their signs and marks، ceremonies and rituals، activities and uses establish able in public spaces and etc.. Results of this article show that despite of bodies as an important physical components of this public space which have been designed and some of them are under construction or some others have been built، but they could combined with content of space and its establish able elements in it and also properties of floor in form of landscape as a component of public space and a bedding for happening activities and social events. More clearly، combination mass of a public space with its contents in order to creat social life and vitality in public space are possible through landscape design; a combination of various layers as main idea of square landscape which is done with aim of integrating space and bodies of square through landscape and content of space and experienced principles in successful squares of world. Output result of this combination designing، is a plan which is provided and represented on basis of perspective defined in project and providing executing it and programming and managing establish able activities and operations، this square will be converted to a desirable public space for social interactions of residents of Shahr-E – Kord city and will retain it as a part of historical structure in central core of cityyet، social and cultural center of city and one of the entrance gates to it and a cause for attracting tourists. This scheme contains activities and operations establish able in square، general and special lightening of square، necessary urban furniture، plants and surfaces of water and flooring.

Sasanians are inevitably one of the most sensational periods of Iranian history، culture and civilization. The Dynasty’s empire started by the time of Ardashir papkan’s Coronation in 226 A. D. The empire was built based on thoughtfulness، civilization and culture of the previous Persian empires. The religious essence of this dynasty is absolutely revealed to everyone، so according to the importance of Culture and artificial aspect perusal of a society in its artworks، the importance of study of artwork and Chahar-taqi remains of the period is indispensible، furthermore، different empires have always considered the significant of this city because of its geographical location (center of Iran) but unfortunately because of insufficient number of artworks and buildings related to Islamic period، it has been undervalued by researchers if this period. So this expedition has been started by two goals; first to study the number and types of different Chahar-taqi in Isfahan and evaluating their sprawl among the city. Six Chahar-taqi which are named; Nakhlak، Qale daar، Shirkooh، Natanz، Khorramdasht، Niaasar Found in this province، have been scrutinized in this article. Some of this Chahar-taqis had been studid before and other ones are being introduced and analyzed for the first time. These Chahar-taqis are devided into two types; Simple and complex which Shirkooh، Qaledaar and Khoramdasht are placed in complex type because of having other architectural structures in their environment. And the other 3، Nakhlak، Natanz، Niaasar are completely single، and belong to Simple Chahar-taqis.

Review of theories and approaches relevant to urban development in the last hundred years is not indicative of the stakeholders and influential participation in the development of the city. Hence، in order to fix this problem، you need to plan and design the development system will relieve of any planning gaps. One of the plans for the development of a city or urban area is essential and influential stakeholders'' participation in urban development is interdependent، city strategic development approach. Characteristics of the approach by clarifying the notion CDS implies that stakeholders and influential role in the development of the urban area of ​​the city or town is trying to develop all unilaterally. Accordingly، the use of theoretical research on the topic and influential stakeholder participation in district 22 of Tehran Municipality Urban Development Strategy is examined within the framework approach. In the framework of the research approach، four items; environmental، social، economic and administrative stakeholders and influential of participation to the field have been analyzed in this study. Applied research and to collect the required data and a survey questionnaire was used for data analysis from SPSS software. The results indicate that the stakeholders and influential participation in the formation and development of area 22 zone developments in recent years، a growing desire for investing economy (mean 3. 15) in the region is high. But because of social ignorance and lack of trust between government agencies and citizens، stakeholders and influential in the area of ​​social interest (mean 2. 82) is low. Participation in the environmental and management item the averages are 3. 09 and 3. 00. The total average rating of 3. 00 is out of stakeholders and influential participation. Therefore، it is recommended that before any act of economic، social، in the region 22، the contexts to promote stakeholder and influential participation is in the region. This paper argues that the approach of urban planning in the city development strategy with emphasis on stakeholder and influential participation in all aspects of development should be pushed.