نشریه انسان و محیط زیست
سال هفتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 11، زمستان 1388)

In this research in order to describe structure of mountain sustainable development management in Tehran، altitude of 1400 to 1800 in district 22 of Tehran municipality has been chosen as case study. Mountain sustainable development is depended on institutional network and confident interchange of knowledge. So intersectional environmental، social، economic and cultural aspects have been determined and indicators of mountain sustainable development، which was declared by United Nations، have been mentioned. Existing data، gathered from different departments and throw observation and interview with local people have been compared with these indicators. SWOT analysis was used to determine the strategies of sustainable development for the mentioned area. Data was entered in to GIS system and land use maps were derived based on existing patterns. A general frame work for strategic management، according to determined land use، was developed by studding existing laws and related organizations. This case study illustrates that only with intersectional and interrelated cooperation between various governmental departments along with local population decision making the development could take place. It is founded that the area is not suitable for urban and industrial development. Essential act is to reduce water pollution and prevent land erosion. In other words environment has priority to other social and economic aspects in this area. Results of this research can be useful for mountain management in district 2، 1 and 5 of Tehran municipality which are situated at foothill of Alborz and also other mountains cities.

In recent years substitution of fuels has found a special place. Responsible organizations have considered development of natural gas uses and oil products substitution by natural gas. The policies of Islamic Republic of Iran has developed to use the large quantities of natural gas and its use as a fuel in the country. This paper has used energy substitution indicators measure in base year (1373) and has generalized them to case study years (1382-1373). So this paper explains the rate of substitution based on energy unit and value of substitution polices according to monetary units and environmental pollutants and green house gases. The rate of substitution has increased from 31. 51 million barrel equivalent crude oil in 1374 to 60. 89 million barrel equivalent crude oil in 1382. The total economic advantages of substitution has been 8305. 98 million dollar and total quantity of energy providence due to substitution is 15. 71 million barrel equivalent oil. Reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions as a result of substitution is 32. 28 million ton. Reducing (NOx) emissions as a result of substitution is 1. 04 million ton. According to economic advantages and environmental impacts of substitution polices in industry sector، it is necessary to provide essential conditions for substitution policies.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the pesticide use trend in Varmin، to propose the managerial techniques for the pesticide reduction in this area. Among the statistics proposed by related organization about chemical pesticide use in Varamin، the most precise one was diagramed which indicates the rising pesticide use trend. There different factors contributing to decrease the chemical pesticide use in respect of quantity and quality in the region. Some of these factors are opportunities، which are not correctly utilized، such as: training and extension، having control on the pesticides residue in agricultural products and production of Tricogramma spp. In Vermin''s Insectarium. Some other threats، which should be possibility omitted، are as follow: long process of pesticide providing by farmers، not supporting the IPM program، governmental supports of chemical pesticides and forbidden pesticide utilization in Varamin. Through this article there are some techniques to enforce the opportunities or omit the threats related to decrease chemical pesticides use which is mentioned here: using active training organizations such as literacy movement or nongovernmental organization for environmental training to help training and extension section in decreasing pesticides use. Privatization of draft and copy writing and even delivery of pesticides to shorten the process of purchasing it by farmers. To use avoiding policies like omitting the products which contain pesticides residue more than standard level. Opening some centers including fruits and vegetables which are produced without use pesticides or contain no pesticides residue. Implementation of biological figh project for other planted products in Varamin considering pomegranate planters glad hand. Perfect privatization of biological controllers for making competition to gain the purchase markets. Omitting the forbidden pesticides by EPA، WHO and FAO in Varamin and introducing the substitutes with low-risk to the farmers of this region.

Roads are the most important transportation system that have important role in development of cultures. Because of the specific characteristics of roads, they have the most important in achieving human societies to environmental standards. Tehran- pardis highway is located in Tehran province and it is under construction. Because of traveling millions of traveler and vehicles in this highway each year, there is necessity of restoration and environmental designing of its landscape. The methodology of this study was descriptive analytical. After collecting information about theoretical basis of this research, the geographical and environmental situation of the study area was identified. Indeed, providing base maps with ARC- GIS was required for analyzing environmental criteria to green spaces designing with different functions.

This study Assessment the risk of the overall process of estimating the rate of risk and decision making concerning its acceptability. The research making concerning its acceptability. The research has been carried out to evaluate the environmental risk of Al-Mahdi Factory between the dates: 2006/02/20 to 2007/04/21. For this purpose, the potentially harming factors of the factory were identified after the environment of the region under the influence and various activities and processes had been identified. Then, they were classified according to their possible occurrence and the intensity of their effects on human, environment and capital. Due to the vastness and variety of the activities performed in Al-Mahdi Factory, the evaluation of the environmental risk was concerned in the producing and regenerating unit. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) has been applied. A comparison between the rate of RPN factors (risk Priority) in this unit shows that the Risk Priority Number in Electrical detent activity with 162 degree in the first level, and then in opening of ball bearing wheels, mechanic elevators, 5 tons crane and Earthing system activities with 140, 144, 140, and 108 degrees in second to fifth levels. Also crane keepers and elevator activities with 20 and 36 degrees have the lowest RPN rate. This study shows that in producing and regenerating Unit, accidents in the work place has been reduced during and after the period of this research. With relative raise of members of employers in this unit in 2006 in compare with the year before, severity, occurrence and number of accidents in both parts employers and contractors shows %40 reduction on the average. Also numbers of lost days due to accidents and medical costs in these mentioned years at least %35 has been decreased.

Nearly %34 of total energy consumption of our country is used by buildings، their lighting، heating and cooling systems. Despite the fact that energy consumption in residential، commercial and administration buildings in Iran for each square meter is 2 to 3 times the international standards، temperature comfort condition international standards، temperature comfort condition inside the buildings is not yet available. Because of not considering energy saving، national and regional sources have faced serious problems in providing required energy and too much Carbon Dioxide and other air pollutants are generated. There are different ways to decrease energy consumption in a building، However landscaping design، increase energy efficiency. As one of the country priorities and policies is to reduce energy conducting brief studies and thorough investigations seems necessary. In order to decrease energy consumption by landscaping design of buildings، climatic factors such as solar radiation and the position of the sun in the sky in different seasons; effects of solar radiation and techniques of controlling these effects by means of trees and shrubs and plants; wind factor and its effects and using trees and shrubs and vegetation type to create wind break and wind channels to lead breeze and desirable winds were investigated in this research، and the result factors and regulations of the investigation was used as comparative- operational rules in landscaping designing of a prototype building located in district 22 of city of the municipality of Tehran. It means that first all geographic and climatic specifications of district 22 and the selected site were completely analyzed and investigated and after data assessment، all the above mentioned factors were submitted in accordance to climate conditions and urban location through conceptual designing of solar radiation and wind effect control; building plan; perspectives; and building landscape. It is estimated that applying these measures will result to 20 to 25 percent of energy saving in the building are recommended as an instruction.

Development of electroplated coated sheets، such as tin coat، has resulted in the formation of effluents with various contents، one of which is phenol sulfonic acid (PSA)، which is as electrolyte in these industries and، because of its acidity and having a phenolic cycle، has been identified as a well-known environmental pollutant. In this research، to treating the sewage containing this combination، three methods of coagulation and flocculation، absorption (using GAC) ad reverse osmosis were used. In the coagulation and flocculation method، three coagulants، i. e. alum، ferrous sulfate and chloroferric along with lime (as coagulant) were used. In the best conditions، the material mentioned above shows the efficiencies of %43. 4، %36 and %32. 7، respectively. In the second method، PSA treat ability by the absorption system (using GAC) was examined in different PSA concentrations. Subsequent studies indicated optimum activated carbon quantity for the treating in question to be 163 lit/kg، in total yielding the efficiency of %90. In the PSA treat ability method، two different concentrations of this material، i. e. 200 mg/lit and 25 mg/lit were used by the R. O. system and، in one continuous exploitation mode، efficiencies of %99. 9 and %100 were obtained، respectively.

The Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) is a semi-aquatic mammal from Mustelidae family and is recognized as one of the top predators in freshwater systems. To study distribution standard method was used. This method is a systematic sample survey for field signs of otters. 16 survey sites at about 5 km intervals were selected and Otter signs، habitat parameters such as vegetation cover، river width and fish of river were recorded for each 600 m stretch by walking the entire it (both banks) of all river، wading in the river wherever posstyible. For primary habitat assessment، Paola Ottino et al. methods، Ulhami T. Z.، Urfan Albayrak method، were used. Efficiency of these methods was assessed according to field surveys. Otter spraints were found in 6 of the 16 sites of river Surveyed and in the study area، three core areas could be identified. Results on assessment showed that upper sites of the Jajrood River (Above Latian Dam) had poor quality. According to Paola Ottino et al. method and Ulhami T. Z. N، Urfan Albayrak method، site 12 and sites 12 and 14 had the best quality respectively. Comparison of the results shows that Ulhami T. Z. N، Urfan Albayrak method was the better methods.

Water scarcity and poor quality of agricultural soil in Iran; remind the necessity of marginal quality water consideration. Marginal quality water consideration. Marginal quality water is including municipal wastewater، industrial wastewater، waste leachate from metropolitan، runoff of rainfall on city area and drainage of agricultural lands. Because of developing metropolitan area، increasing population، developing industrial and agricultural area in around of cites; marginal water quality increase in certain area. Uncontrolled reuses of these resources cause environmental problems. The best way of disposal wastewater and drain water، reuse in agricultural ad landscapes when it''s doing with consideration to environmental and healthy impact، crops quality and plants sensitivity in long term. At the present time، there are many different standards for wastewater reuse. But these are inflexible for varying natural and artificial environment condition. Therefore designing models with flexibility for various conditions is necessary. In this research، the main input and output factors which can be used for designing a regional model of low quality water reuse in irrigation was presented.