فصلنامه فرآیند و کارکرد گیاهی
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 4، تابستان 1392)

The Silybium marianum is the dicotyledonous herbs of the Asteraceae family that is important in medical industry. The biological active compound of Silybium marianum is a mixture of several flavonolignals generally known as silymarin. The purpose of current research is root formation induction in hypocotyls explants in medium culture. The young shoots were cultured on MS medium containing different concentrations of indole-3-butyric (IBA) and Naphtalene acetic acid (NAA). The results indicated that the highest root formation percentage and root length were observed in young shoots which were treated in MS medium supplemented with 0. 1 mg/l IBA and NAA. Then produced roots were transferred to liquid medium. After root growth، roots were subjected to different volumes of medium culture، light and dark treatments and different pH medium. The effect of volumes of culture medium did not showed any significant difference on root growth and silymarin production. Results showed that light treatment induced more silymarin in production compared to dark treatment. Also the culture medium with pH=7 was superior to other pH for silymarin production.

In this experiment، the effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus mosseae and G. etunicatum on root colonization، plant growth and nutrient uptake، chlorophyll content (a، b، total and cartenoid) and carbohy-drate content were studied in six genotypes of mint (Mentha spicata L.) in pots. The AM inoculation significant-ly increased the fresh and dry weight of shoot، chlorophyll content، nutrient content (P، Zn and Mn) of the shoots and roots، and the concentration of carbohydrate in leaves as compared to non-inoculated plants. The present results revealed that mint plants inoculated with AMF (Glomus sp.) would make higher biomass production than non-mycorrhizal mint plants. However، it was found that the response of the plant was dependent on the genotype. Results also showed that inoculation with G. etunicatum proved to be more effective compared to G. mosseae regarding the increase in biomass of mint genotypes.

In order to Investe spraying by Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) and their metabolits on morphophysio-logical indices، qualitative indices and yield in Hashemi cultivar of rice، an experiment was arranged based on completely randomized block design with four replications in the greenhouse of the faculty of Agricultural Sci-ences in The University of Guilan in 2010. In this research، evaluated treatments consisted of: without spraying and fertilizer (control)، without spraying and use of fertilizer، spraying with P. fluorescens strain 168، spraying with metabolits of P. fluorescens strain 168، inoculation with P. fluorescens strain 168، spraying with P. fluorescens strain 136، spraying with metabolits of P. fluorescens strain 136، inoculation with P. fluorescens strain 136، spraying with P. fluorescens strain 41، spraying with metabolits of P. fluorescens strain 41، inoculation with P. fluorescens strain 41. The results of experiment showed that the effect of different levels of bacteria were significant on quantitative and qualitative indices. Root inoculation with P. fluorescens strain 41 was higher than other treatments in all of the studied indices. However، the spraying with P. fluorescens strain 41 had lower effect than root inoculation with P. fluorescens strain 41 and P. fluorescens strain 136، but its results were better in com-pared with fertilizer and not spraying treatment. Results of spraying effect of metabolits from various bacteria were different that it could prove bacterial regulator effect on plant growth and development. Improvement of nutrient uptake by plant increased dry matter and minerals in plant stems and leaves، and thus increased seed yield. Results showed root inoculation with growth promoting bacteria was more effective compared with their spraying on quantitative and qualitative indices of rice، but they could be used as complementary of root inoculation with PGPR for plant yield improvement.

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is one of the main air pollutants that can cause imbalance in growth and physiological function of plant in high concentrations. Rhizobium-plant symbiosis can cause increasing in plant resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses in addition to increase growth of plant. In this study، effects of Rhizobium (native and standard strains) on leaf anatomical parameters of alfalfa under different concentrations of SO2 (0، 0. 5، 1، 1. 5 and 2 ppm) were evaluated. The Results showed that inoculation had no effect on the leaf anatomical parame-ters on the alfalfa. High concentrations of SO2 (1، 1. 5 or 2 ppm) caused significantly changes in all of the anatomical indexes in compared to the control plants; however low concentration of SO2 (0. 5 ppm) had no effects on this parameters. Inoculation of alfalfa with two strains of Rhizobium decreased negative effects of high concentrations of SO2 on anatomical indexes. Rhizobium can increase plant resistance and tolerance against abiotic stresses such as air pollution.

In order to study the effects of GA3 on growth and the biochemical compositions of jujube (Ziziphus spina-christi) leaf، this experiment was conducted in 2011-2012، in department of horticultural science of faculty of agriculture Hormozgan University، Bandar abbas and nursery of Major Natural Recourses Office of Hormozgan province، as a factorial basis on completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental factors were 5 salinity levels (0، 1600، 3200 and 12800 ppm NaCl solutions) and 3 different concentrations of GA3 (0، 100 and 200 mg l-1). Seven weeks after GA3 application، leaf number and area، plant total dry weight، leaf Na+ and K+ concentrations، K+/Na+ and proline content were measured. Results indicated that with increasing NaCl concentrations leaf proline and Na+ were increased and other traits under study were decreased، significantly. Foliar application of GA3 alleviated the negative effects of salinity، so that under salinity conditions with foliar spray of GA3 (200 mg l-1) leaf number and area، total dry weight per plant، leaf K+ concentration and proline content were increased. GA3 reduced Na+ and increased K+ in the leaves which resulted in an increase in leaf K+/Na+. Results of this study revealed that foliar application of GA3 might increase jujube plants adoption to saline conditions via either reduction in Na+ absorption or by accumulation of K+ and proline in leaves.

Salvia leriifolia is a medicinal plant from Lamiaceae family native to Khorasan and Semnan Provinaces. This plant has medicinal properties such as antinociceptive، anti-inflammatory، antidiabetic، antimicrobial and Antioxidant which all have been confirmed by researchers. In this research، callus induction was established for production of phenolic acids. For this purpose، the leaf explants were cultured in MS medium supplemented with 2،4-D (0،1،2،3،4 mgL-1)، KIN (0،0. 3،1mgL-1)، BAP (0،1،2،3،4،5،6 mgL-1) and NAA (0،1،2،3 mgL-1). Accumulation of phenolic acids was measured after 4 weeks of culture by HPLC. Results showed that the best treatments for callus induction and growth were at the BAP5 mgl-1+NAA5mgl-1 and 2، 4- D 3 mgl-1 + KIN1mgl-1. Accumulation of caffeic acid and salvianolic acid B in calli was higher than leaves of Salvia leriifolias. The highest rosmarinic acid concentration was found in the treatment BAP 5mgl-1+NAA5mgl-1 that were about 3 times higher than in leaves.

Effect of different salinity levels (0، 50، 100، 150 and 200 mM NaCl) on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of two forage millet cultivars (Nutrifeed and Bastan) were investigated at this experiment. A factorial test based on randomized complete block design was conducted during 2010-2011 growing season in three replica-tions. The results showed that with increasing salinity، dry matter yield، leaf relative water content (RWC) and stomatal conductance were decreased. While، traits such as proline and relative membrane permeability (RMP)، were increased as salinity level increased،. The highest total dry matter in control treatment of Nutrifeed millet (83. 2 g. plant-1) was observed and the lowest was measured in 200 mM in the case of Bastan millet (23. 5 g. plant-1). The Leaves relative water content of Bastan cultivar in the 100، 150 and 200 mM NaCl declined sharply and caused leaf necrosis. There were no significant differences between control، 50 and 100 mM NaCl in photochemical quenching of Nutrifeed cultivar. In Bastan cultivar، a significant difference between control and 50 mM NaCl was abserved. As salinity level increased، the proline in shoots of two cultivars increased. Stomatal conductance had a effective role in increasing the performance of dry matter of nutrifeed millet in salt stress conditions، and osmotic potential decreasing also improved dry matter conditions in this plant. Generally، photosynthetic characteristics of Nutrifeed millet were better than the Bastan millet.