فصلنامه مدیریت و برنامه ریزی محیط زیست
پیاپی 7 (بهار 1392)

Among all industries hydrophilic cotton from raw cotton and all type of medical gauze from textile productions have high water consumption. Due to this reason water recycles and reuse in these industries and generally water usage minimization in these units have especial importance. For practical research in this context one of domestic industry has been selected as a case study. Water usage minimization in other industries have been investigated in different countries, but nearly all these researches are related to minimization of water consumption in raw cotton production. Results showed that minimization of water consumption whit recycle and reuse method in these industries are very successful, to the extent of water can be saved about 65 percent after and simple aeration and reservation for 10 hours and recycling in to production recycle. Usually in these industries three types of consumption exist: one for hydrophilic cotton production, next for medical gauze and last for general consumption. In selected industry for medical gauze production and hydrophilic cotton, the amounts of water consumption are 40 lit/kg and 43 lit/kg respectively. And the remaining is about 20 lit/kg for other consumption, such as boiler, chiller, restaurant, personal and … consumption. Regarding water quality needed for every stage of production. The wastewater of some units can be used as fresh water for other units, by this method the total consumption of this factory can be reduced to 1/3 of total of it, without damaging quality of factory production.

Recognition effective desertification indices and determine development levels of these indices in study units Is inevitable to reduce regional Inequalities and line up Development of appropriate programs, Appropriate with conditions and opportunities in each region. The aim of this research was determination of development levels of desertification indices using Morris model, Yazd province cities. Also, the difference and variation of indices in cities level were determined using Williamson index. Finally, the results of cities ranking were presented based on total indices as map of development zoning. The results showed that the cities of Ardakan, Tabas, Bafgh have appropriate condition with development degree of 66.45, 64.92 and 59.05 respectively; and Yazd, Taft and Mehriz are the most deprived cities in this respect. Therefore, it is recommended that the obtained results and the ranking can be used in budgeting process and future development planning of the cities in terms of desertification.

Recognition effective desertification indices and determine development levels of these indices in study units Is inevitable to reduce regional Inequalities and line up Development of appropriate programs, Appropriate with conditions and opportunities in each region. The aim of this research was determination of development levels of desertification indices using Morris model, Yazd province cities. Also, the difference and variation of indices in cities level were determined using Williamson index. Finally, the results of cities ranking were presented based on total indices as map of development zoning. The results showed that the cities of Ardakan, Tabas, Bafgh have appropriate condition with development degree of 66.45, 64.92 and 59.05 respectively; and Yazd, Taft and Mehriz are the most deprived cities in this respect. Therefore, it is recommended that the obtained results and the ranking can be used in budgeting process and future development planning of the cities in terms of desertification.

Emissions trading are a new, economically-driven method of environmental management in catchment basins. In this paper, pollution trade theory, the Trading-Ratio System (TRS), and the Streeter-Phelps equation have been used. A system trade model was designed only for one type of pollution. Performance of the proposed model using both quantitative and qualitative data of the Langerud, a unidirectional river located in the town of Langerud in Iran’s Guilan Province, has been evaluated. In the present case study, in practicing pollution trading programs between two emissions units of traditional lives tocks laughter rand tanning and sales units, a licensing agreement returned 20 million rials per ton for determined pollution. Before pollution-trading programs, Chalcalburnus chalcoides population in the Langerud River declined from 2008 to 2012 from450, 000 to 66, 000 fish, an 83.71 % reduction. The dissolved oxygen (DO) rate in the river before the introduction of pollution trading programs was zero because of entering wastewater of from the tannery plant, leading to the die off in Chalcalburnus chalcoides. Using the pollution trading programs, the DO rate in the waters of the Langerud River reached 2mg/l, creating a suitable habitat for Chalcalburnus chalcoides.

Therefore in order to provide a clear image of current situation of collection throughout district 1 of Tehran municipality, all required statistics and information about collection and analysis of wastes disposal were applied by the use of field studies. In order to present a proposal for Solid Wastes management of municipality, we applied WAGS software with 40 major parameters and 14 indirect parameters for further calculations. Then according to the data, it was possible to specify time interval of wastes collection, coming & going of trucks to & from disposal place equal to 112 minutes, compressed volume of garbage equal to 3.5 cubic meters, functions of trucks in collection & transfer of wastes to burring place. It had an output and useful life span of 11 years at district. The required number of vehicles between 2010 up to 2024 will be between 60 to 200 5-tons vehicles according to the estimations of this software. In case of any replacement %25 of vehicles due to have wider streets at districts 7, 2 and 10, there will be a reduction in the number of vehicles between the years 2010 up to 2024 from 59 to 186 systems. In case of a complete recycling of disposals of the mentioned district, there is an increase rate from 39 systems to 130 systems accordingly. Regarding worker ship force also it is estimated to need 120 to 400 workers between 2010 up to 2024 then in case of any reduction in number of forces into half amount there is a reduction in budget from 29547,88 million Rials to 14773,94 million Rials. The most effective factor on required budget is collection of Municipality disposals of district 1 and separation of recyclable dry wastes at origin. Therefore with regard to %94 required budget, it is anticipated to have a reduction in required budget for supplying of collection machinery from 1808979,04 to 1174862 million Rials. It has been anticipated to have relevant costs of repairs and maintenance of collecting machinery for a sum of 29900,48 million Rials up to the end of 2020 which is %1.6 of total required budget. In order to make better current situation, any training courses for personnel and for better collection of disposals and legalization of citizens duties and responsibilities and mayors will have great importance role in reduction of costs and increasing the quality of disposals collection.

The studies of the relationship between air pollutants and meteorogical factors can provide important information about air pollution. In this study, the effect of meteorological factors such as precipitation, relative humidity, sunshine hours, maximum wind speed, average, maximum and minimum temperatures on the concentration of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone were investigated by using linear regression model.The results showed that the amount of precipitation has a negative effect only on the concentration of nitrogen dioxide. Also, there was a positive correlation between relative humidity and sulfur dioxide concentration, whereas an inverse relationship was observed between relative humidity and concentration of nitrogen dioxide and ozone. Sunshine hours had an additive effect on the ozone concentration and the reduction effect on the levels of two other pollutants. On the other hand, maximum wind speed showed significant negative correlation with values of Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide respectively. Average, maximum and minimum air temperature was positively correlated with concentrations of ozone, but reduced the concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. The results showed that correlation coefficient of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone concentration with meteorological factors was in order 0.154, 0.177 and 0.595.Among these pollutants, ozone concentration showed more dependent on weather conditions.

Principles & strategies of the country's waste management are made by the policies and planning elements such as culture, education, systems, storage, collection, transportation and disposal, and particularly involving less production (minimization) and the always important source of recovery form the basis of appropriate technology (Appropriate technology)which according to each country's environment must be considered. The research is on the field of citizen participation in source separation of waste management and authority planning for the source separation of waste in region 16. The methods used in this research is survey (quantitative and qualitative) and attributive study (Strategic Development Plan for Zone 16). Static community as said in this research is citizenship of the zone and considering the Cochran formula the sampling volume is 384 which totally is considered 400for prevention of probable errors of the research. Sampling method adopted for this research is systematic random sampling. In this study, the level of citizen participation, the role of citizen training, informing and considering the possibilities of advertising by the authorities to encourage citizens’ participation in the separation of waste from the source of this research was considered. The hypothesis of this research has been to all six were approved. At the end the solution is presented for more citizen participation and managing plan to achieve progress in source separation of waste.