فصلنامه آفاق امنیت
پیاپی 12 (پاییز 1390)

Nowadays, phenomenon of terrorism has become one of the most important nation’s and government’s security concerns of around the world. Broadening phenomenon of terrorism isn’t confined to the specific region or governments, but all states from micro and less developed countries to great powers face the security problem in some way. With the escalation of terrorist activities, international measures increased for combating it, but despite all of international laws and measures for combating it, in order to cleaning the world from presence of terrorists that they have killed thousands of innocent human beings bloodily, international community hasn’t been successful to combat with this phenomenon completely yet. Up to now, approximately, the international community has performed three strategies in process of combating terrorism, but despite minimal victories and achievements of these strategies, none of them hasn’t battled with phenomenon of terrorism undamentally aimed at preventing terrorist actions in long-term. This study tries to explain dimensions of Islamic Republic of Iran’s counter-terrorism strategy over the past three decades. Hence, the findings of this research which base on descriptive-analytical method and objective-historical data and using library resources and cyberspace (e), show the Islamic Republic of Iran as one of the countries where the phenomenon of terrorism has become linked with its international and national security and has been damaged from terrorism doubly, meanwhile has used the military and tactical tools (short-term outcome) to deal with manifestations of terrorism, and as sought delimitating the roots of the factors causing terrorist acts (long-term outcome) and has carried out special policies and actions for counter-terrorism measures. This indicates that the Islamic Republic of Iran’ counter-terrorism strategy has been explicated.

Due to the high consumption and the growing need for energy in European Union and shortage of energy resources, especially natural oil and gas in it and consequently need for the EU energy imports, especially from Russia as the largest holder of world natural gas resources and given Moscow’s increasing efforts for using energy as a tool for implementing the desired objectives in the economic and political fields and the longterm security potential consequences for Europe’s Union, the main purpose of the paper is to evaluate Russia’s energy strategy indicators toward European Union. Accordingly, the main question of the research is what is energy strategy of Russia toward European Union and what is purpose of applying these policies? Provisional answer to this question, as the research hypothesis, is that the Russian Federation was able to took beating pulse of the Western economy and energy resources in hand with use of different strategies toward European Union such as intensification of control over the energy sector and natural oil and gas companies; exclusive control of energy demand and supply; refusal to ratification of the Energy Charter Treaty and … consequently it become the exclusive source of energy provision through Europe Union’ more dependent to it.

The expansion of recruitment and presence of Private military and security companies as emerging private factors in armed conflicts and crimes committed by these individuals have given rise to increasing concern about the challenges arising from this. What will be the necessity, is to establish responsibility of states connected to violator Private military and security companies based on the draft plan the responsibility of states and other rules of international law and explanation and transparent-building of the states’ international obligations, especially protecting and ensuring humanitarian international law during the time of carrying out operations and providing other forms of military and security services by Private military and security companies in order to further limitation of breaches and violation the rules of humanitarian international law

The review of military expenditures has been subject of many researches in member states to a security environment. This article addresses subject of Islamic Republic’s military expenses and compares it with member states to a security environment. The hypothesis is that Iran’s military expenses are little compared with the region countries that they aren’t threatened and it must be increased in relation with security needs. The Iran’s military expenditures are much less than the amount required in similar cases as a result of various reasons such as: necessity of military reconstruction after the imposed war; necessity of changing or sensing out old and eroded equipments left over from the Shah; ongoing threats of the Islamic Republic; the eight-year imposed war against Iraq and threats from Taliban regime in Afghanistan; America’s military attacks towards two neighbor countries and their occupation by US-led forces, Dramatic increase in threats from the Zionist regime; The existing arms race in the Persian Gulf and the various concerns in the security environment.

One of the fundamental preconditions for social security improvements is identification of elements of social security and safety feeling that plays a remarkable role in states’ strategic planning. This article analyzes the effects of effective economic factors on social security in Iran between time periods 1353 to 1388 through formulating an empirical model based on economic factors affecting the social security and using an econometric model and the OLS method. Also this paper has used crimes variable as an indicator of lack of social security, and economic factors comprise: misery index (sum of both inflationand unemployment index), GDP growth and gini coefficient and confidence index that their effects have been meaningful on the dependent variable. The results of the estimated model show that indicators ofIran’s economy share in the global production and growth in per capita income have had negative effect on crime rates. The effects of three indicators, Gini coefficient index, misery index (sum of both unemployment and inflation index) and the confidence index- with a pause -, has been positive and meaningful too. This means that the crimes rate has increased and accordingly social security will be decreased as a result of increasing gap of income (Gini coefficient), unemployment and inflation (misery) and reduction of public confidence in the country.

The large part of the international conflicts that currently is underway under name of the so-called “war on terrorism”, has aggravated chain of continuous violences which there is no end to it in the foreseeable future. A part of the world front comprises Jihadist radical groups that seek their own ideological goals and ideals through violent tools and techniques. In this regard, important problem is causes of resorting to extremism (al-Qaeda, Taliban, etc.) to very aggressive behaviors andits persistence on its continuation. In answer to question of this research, unlike the dominant approaches in the study on extremism, which primarily address to investigate of causes of its stabilizing and secondary i.e. poverty and ignorance and etc., try to extradite basic and effective foundations of extremism i.e. ideology and identity and etc by indicators of constructivist theory.Accordingly, I evaluate al-Qaeda’s and the Taliban’s behavioral doctrines and introduce their behavioral -analytical model

This article examines effect of historical, cultural and social contexts on the integration of different religions followers, especially the Armenians in Iran. So, first, we raise the search literature and then the search findings (factors of integration of different religious followers in Iran), are analyzed including: 1) Iran’s geographic location as a history passageway and its role in the acceptance of different religions followers;2) historical, cultural, and ethnic common characteristics among Armeniansand Iranians and Armenians’ loyalty towards the land and Iranian rulers from ancient Persia to the present and promoting their acceptance in Iran; 3) political, economic and commercial causes in accepting Armenians in Iran; 4) Iranian religious flexibility whether in pre-Islam period or after Islam period towards the followers of other religions. Eventually, following analysis of the subject, this article has concluded that sustainability of national social comprehensiveness in Iranian society relies on, on the one hand, the national government relations with country denominational- religious minorities and on the other hand, quality and quantity of religions and denominations relations with each other. From this perspective, increasing accumulation and symmetric relations between religions, especially in three historical, cultural and social interactive areas, on the one hand is able to cause national social comprehensiveness and join followers of other religions, especially the Armenians, to the national community and on the other hand, ensuring stability and sustainability of national community through deepening of minorities’ belongings and loyalties and followers of other religions, especially the Armenian. The most basic social step to ensuring national consolidation is modification of inter-religious relations or increasing accumulation and symmetry of relations between religions.