پژوهش نامه اخلاق
پیاپی 19 (بهار 1392)

In this study, the most considerable moral characters were decided on the basis of Islamic sources at first and then, performing a field test based upon buyers` opinions, the degree of the home supplies sellers` faithfulness to them has been decided. In first stage 21 cases of moral characters were decided and then, they were classified in six main characters including lack of deception, honesty, faithfulness to one`s promise, good treatment, lack of profiteering, annulment. As is shown by the test, good treatment and faithfulness to customers are considered by sellers more than moderate state. It also has been shown by the test that lack of deception, annulment and lack of profiteering are not considered in action while honesty is considered in a moderate state. Friedman test showed the measurement of the characters in a high to low gradation as 1. faithfulness, 2. good treatment, 3. honesty, 4. lack of deception, 5. lack of profiteering, 6- annulment.

Evaluating performances, particularly that of researchers, has been considered as one of the most important problems in the fields of education and research. In many cases, even one score in evaluating a work would lead to getting or missing a prize unjustly. There can be found some Quranic teachings in the field to solve the problem. Paying attention to personal rights of those being criticized, moderation and justice, human nobleness, mind purification, honesty and righteousness, ethical and sceintifical growth.

Analyzing ethical statements in the holy Quran by the method of content analyzing in order to explain their effects in personal and social guidance is of important part. This paper, showing ethical tatements in the chapter of Israa as a model, analyzing and classifying them based on their topics, has explained the complete guidance model of the chapter. Ethical statements of the chapter have been mentioned in to aspects of person and society equally. As is described in the paper, all four main bases of an ethical system including theorethical principles, requirements, grounds and obstructions may be found in the chapter. Finally, introducing the model, the complete state of the ethical system of the chapter has been shown. It should be state that the method taken by the author has been led to such a consideration.

One of the contemporary man`s concerns lies in his seeking for finding the meaning of life. As is considered, true spirituality has been known of a unique role in giving meaning to life. Describing the process of meaningfulness of life, spiritual man, bold tokens of spiritual man and the effects and performances of spirituality, this paper has intended to explain the sovereignty of spirituality in religious man in the view of Islam. The most important fact in the paper lies in spiritual man`s view in his earthly life as studied here in four axis. The paper has focused on Shahid Motahhari`s points of view as a deep and thoughtful scholar. The method taken here is library - based including three stages of description, analyzing and explanation.

This paper has intended to explain ethical realism on the basis of Sadra`s thought. In the paper it has been tried to prove a mode of existence for the subjects of ethical statements in order to prepare necessary ground for the existence of their predicates by secondary philosophical intelligible and, finally, their objective denotation. It has been concluded that only given Allame Tabataei`s meaning of nafs ul-amr, namely establishment and stability, tahaqquq and thubut, one can argue for ethical realism. It should be said that the paper has not paid any attention to the epistemological aspect of the problem.

Organ transplantation as a new medical problem and one of medical important achievements is regarded to be a token for the upgradation and capabilities of medical centers. Though the phenomenon of brain death and, consequently, the possibility for organ transplantation has led to new hopes for saving a great numbers of sick people, it has been followed by many ethical, cultural and legal rights. This paper has intended to survey some of the current problems in the field with regard to the views of those in agreement and those in disagreement. The important of human life and the necessity for protecting it as a religious duty in the view of Islam from one hand and the weight given to new scientific findings necessary for human life by Islamic teaching from the other, would provoke us to know medical progress in full agreement with shariah. Trying to remove the obstacles and difficulties in the way of organ transplantation, particularly with regard to the emphasis made by Islamic ethics on decreasing the expenses of caring the sicks of brain death and causing hope in the sick in need for transplantation, would prevent immoral and unlawful measures of profiteers.

Knowing human essential self، namely who-ness and what-ness of theself، has been one of scholar`s، concern، particularly muslim`s under such titles as knowledge of the soul or knowledge of the self. Mowlavi has met meaningfully the subject with his own ontological and epistemological principles in a mystical approach. As he says، one never can know his essential self in the shadow of common experiments. Rather، such a knowledge would be possible only by mystical experience and by leaving conceptual knowledge. On mystical approach، therefore، real knowledge of the self may be found in leaving the self; when all distinctions between the subject and object disappear and، therefore، human will and awareness and reason all become united in a higher being. In such a position، one arrive at knowledge of the self and knowledge of God. The position is mystically called disappearing in God.