فصلنامه آموزش و اخلاق در پرستاری
سال دوم شماره 3 (پاییز 1392)

Along the rapid changes and developments of knowledge، technology، and the increasing customers’ awareness of health care systems، today clinical settings and practice-based learning has become more important. Thus، changing students’ educational approaches and empowering them with self-navigated approaches are essential. The present study aimed at surveying practice-based learning and its outcomes on nursing students’ education. This is a review article which focuses on original and research articles found via manual and digital searches in libraries and databases including Medline، PubMed، Proquest، SID، Irandoc، and a number of Persian texts published in 1999-2012. Keywords including practice-based learning، nursing education، clinical learning، nursing students، clinical learning، and clinical settings were used. 30 articles were finally selected out of more than 250 articles. Results indicate that practice-based learning in nursing education emphasizes the role and importance of clinical settings and nursing trainers. The outcomes of this method present appropriate guidelines to fill the gap between theoretical education and clinical training، promote life-long learning، self-directedness، self-actualization، and acquisition of new knowledge gained from experiences in various professional positions. Practice-based learning is compatible with modern philosophy of nursing education. It is، thus، recommended that nursing education administrators promote clinical settings while tending to design and expound nursing students’ educational programs in line with this approach.

An obligation of medical sciences universities is to empower students. Relevant changes in country’s educational system are required to attain this goal. Obstacles on the way call for strategies to identify challenges and overcome them. The present article, thus, aims to describe and also explain a number of challenges posed in medical clinical training. This is a preliminary review article which has surveyed 38 related English and Persians articles published on clinical training in 1990-2003. The articles were retrieved by ProQuest, PubMed, Iranmedex, SID, and Elsevier databases. Only articles that dealt with the problems and challenges of clinical training were studied. Articles containing redundant content (320 cases) were excluded from the study. The present paper has discussed the importance of effective clinical training, and has explained and categorized the challenges posed to it. Challenges of nursing clinical training can be divided into micro challenges (at university level) and macro challenges (at national level) or into the challenges related to trainer, trainee, training program, or clinical setting. Examples of these challenges are presented in the text and their affectivity pattern has been drawn ini a causal model. Clinical training becomes part of the present condition after meeting micro and macro challenges posed in clinical settings. This condition may be good, moderate, or weak but never perfect.

Today, teaching professional ethics has acquired a special significance among the students and professors of medicine due to the relevance of medical sciences to issues of spiritual and bodily health. This paper introduces top patterns of ethics in Iranian medical education. Inspired by Quran and a couple of Islamic Iranian books on medicine, this documentary study used Google search engine to find relevant papers. In pre-Islamic period, Iranian physicians first taught ethical sciences and tested prospective students’ morale before admitting them. Medical ethics was given greater importance after Islam. In this period, practitioners including Ibn Sina, Zakariya al-Razi, al-Rahavi, etc. enjoyed high spiritual and ethical stances in addition to holding first-rate scientific prominence. They provided proper models for society, both practically and scientifically. Investigating the lives of perfect figures in past and present would greatly contribute to the development of ethics in medicine. It is necessary to incite fundamental changes in the field of medical ethics based on a new approach developed by the principles of Islamic ethics to hold up definite guides for the development of medical ethics.

Althougheducation with method of students'' classroom conference in teaching and learning process can be beautiful، provocative، dynamic and effective; howeverusing thismethod of teachingto be flowed with challengesfor students andteachers. Thepresent studyinvestigatedthe importance of each of these challengesinthequality of preparing and presentation ofclassroom conference from perspective of a group of studentsinvolvedinthis teaching - learning process. This study method was descriptive- cross sectionaland study samples included all35 Continuous and discontinuous AnesthesiologyUndergraduateDegree students who respectively were enrolled at fifth semester and second semester; these students spent jointly pathophysiology courseinone class by methods of professors lectures and conference presentations by themselves during the semester. Informationcollected throughself-reporting and data gathering toolto investigatechallenges of Students Conference was questionnaire that its validityandreliability (α=0/85) confirmed and with that، studentsidentified the importance ofeach of thechallenges of classroom conference posed inthequestionnaireon a five Likert scale (from verylow tovery high). The obtaineddata were analyzed with SPSS version 16with usingdescriptive and inferentialstatistical tests (t-test، PearsonandSpearman row) The resultsshowed in challenges related to students،with high impotency in questionnaire scale، most frequency respectively belonging to challenges of «lack of sufficientunderstandingcontent prepared for conference presentation» (%57/2) and «lack of enough attention of studentsto thematerialpresented by theclassmates» (%57/1); results also showed in challengesrelated to teachers، in perspective of students respectively challenges with most frequency simultaneously with high impotency were «unclear criteria for evaluation of conference» (%57/2) andlack ofconsultation sessions withteachersbeforeconferences presentation «(%40). Basedthe results of this research، Attention of teachers tofactors such asthe topicof the conference،cognitive andaffectivepreparednessof students،providing a suitable context for discussion and questioningand answering and actively engagement of students while presentation of theclassroom conference and finallyidentifying and introducingclearevaluation criteriatostudentsinvolved in this teachingand learning method، justmight be some of thewayscan provide the conferencemore effectiveandefficient.

Professional behavior is a base in nursing performance since hospitals basically need nurses acquiring high levels of ethics and professional responsibility. We have, therefore, studied the viewpoints of two groups of students in this respect. This cross-sectional analytical study was performed on 60 freshman and 60 senior students in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Nursing School. The cases were selected randomly. Data were collected using a questionnaire which assessed the general level, patient rights, and endeavor for professional development. Frequency, mean value, and t-test were used for data analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 (P≤0.05). 79 students (65.8%) were female and 41 (32.4%) were male. The mean age was 21±1.7. There was no significant difference between the viewpoints of both groups in terms of professional behavior in general level (p=0.65), patient rights (p=0.07), and professional development (p=0.43). The results suggest that there are no significant changes in professional attitudes following graduation. Thus, it can be concluded that considering a course titled ‘professional behavior’ in university curriculum can upgrade nursing qualities.

Aghakahni N1, f F*2, H3, M4, N2, N2, H5, S6 Received:1/29/2013 Accepted: 8/12/2013 1. Dept. of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran 2.Dept. of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 3. Dept. of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 4. Dept. of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran 5. Dept. of Nursing, Islamic Azad University, Ali-Abad Katul Branch, Young Reseachers Club, Ali-Abad Katul, Iran 6. Dept. of Midwifery, school of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Journal of Ethics in Education, Volume 2, Number 3, Full 2013 Students have a closer relationship with professors, since they are participating in education, and their perceptions of the characteristics of an ideal instructor can greatly impact their learning process. This study was conducted to identify nursing students’ views regarding the status of professional ethics among professors in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. In this cross-sectional, descriptive, and applied study 147 nursing students of second to last semesters were included. Data were collected using a two-part questionnaire whose validity and reliability were tested (r=0.83). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The mean age of participants were 21.55 ± 1.57 years. Aspects most prioritized by students were respectively: proper theoretical instruction, proper clinical training, and openness to criticism. The findings revealed that students rated professors’ lenience towards other people’s thoughts, openness to criticism, and identification of talents as poorer compared to other characteristics. Students GPA and their year of study were not significantly related to their views (p= 0.06). This study showed that students are sensitive to and model after their professors’ behaviors; students believe that professors’ adherence to professional ethics will highly promote it among nursing students. Further investigations in other disciplines can reveal applications for clinical settings and also educational and managerial sections and thus, enhance professional ethics among professors.

Medication errors are the most common medical errors which, due to their high prevalence and potential risks to patients, are used as indicators for patients’ safety measures in hospitals. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 97 nurses working in Taleghani and Valiasr hospitals in Abadan and Khorramshahr cities. Nurses were selected by census method and a questionnaire was used to ask their opinions about key factors affecting medication errors. Response categories including none, low, average, and high were scored 0 to 30 in order to determine the importance of each factor. The data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0. Based on the findings of this study, factors such as work-related fatigue (63.9%), lack of sufficient time and opportunity (61.9%), shortage of nurses compared to the patients in ward (58.1%), nurse's lack of drug-related knowledge (48.9%), increasing workload (45.4%) and illegible physicians’ prescriptions in patients’ records (40.2%) were reported as the most important factors in the incidence of medication errors. Also, factors such as morning shift (49.5%), putting pharmaceutical drugs on pharmacy shelves (42.3%) and medication room (41.2%) were reported as the least important factors in in medication errors. According to the results it is recommended to employ effective management, motivate nurses, and also upgrade their scientific and clinical skills in performing pharmaceutical prescriptions in order to prevent medication errors in various sectors.