نشریه انسان و محیط زیست
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 24، بهار 1392)

The important issue about groundwater resources includes; understanding the characteristics of the local watershed or aquifer، distinguishing cases leading to their contamination and managing them. In this study، during the October 1390 a total of 16 wells were sampled in order to evaluate and distinguish the quality and menacing agents of district14th، Tehran’s groundwater sources. The concentration of the anions (NO2، NO3، Cl، SO4، CO3 and HCO3)، cations (Mg، K، Na)، and certain heavy elements like Pb، Cd and Ag، as well as other physical parameters (temperature، color and odor)، chemical parameters (pH، EC، TSS، TDS) and MTBE were determined. Factors which were measured on the field were; pH، Electric Conductivity and temperature. The trace elements concentrations were measured by Graphite furnace atomic absorption، anion concentrations by potentiometric and titration method، cation concentrations (Mg by titration method، K and Na by flaming measurement method) and MTBE concentrations were measured by CP-3800 Gas Chromatograph. Anion test results manifested an increase of nitrate، sulfate and chloride concentration in the southern and western stations which can be associated with the region’s south-west to north-east slope، in addition to the sandy texture of the area. The cation pollution of the East and Northeast wells have been manifested and the high increase in the amount of potassium might be related to the clay texture، sewage of the absorption wells and the fertilizers that are used in the parks. Among the heavy metals only cadmium had concentrations more than the standard levels. Agricultural activities، municipal wastewater، surface run-offs، eroded soil texture of the area as well as the geological structure، lack of adequate boundaries in between the drinking and the waste water wells have caused an increase in the contaminating effects of these sources. MTBE contamination was not indicated in any of the wells.

Assessment of Sari area groundwater can determine the qualification of water and performance of this for different use such as industrial، urban and agriculture. There are similar researches in different area of Iran country for this topic. With study 20 different sampling point of groundwater source for this research are and chemical and physical test result، the sodium absorption ratio determined and salinity dispersion map was drawn. After that with using indexes LSI and RSI corrosion and sedimentation was examined. with calculating SAR، was shown the bad quality of groundwater resource for agriculture and in rating perch in salinity and very salinity. Also with drawing of salinity dispersion map the critical area was shown. In assessment of LSI and RSI specified that all results of LSI are sediment property. As well as sedimentation dispersion map was shown that، there are maximum of sediment in center of study area. The sampling water of research area is with high level of SAR and salinity. Also high sediment can do bad effect on agriculture، industry and human health. Decrease of using resource and use phosphate composite can decrease the effects.

Higher contents of standard limits of F element in drinking water of Galandar village of Ahar town in East Azarbayjan was reported by health center and people of this village. This study was conducted to evaluate water pollution (and probability soil pollution) to F and probable source of this pollution. For this purpose، from water، soil، and rock of the watershed were sampled and EC، temperature، pH parameters of water were measured in field. Cations and anions analyses and F contents of water، soil، and rock samples were carried out in lab. Also، microscopic sections of rocks were prepared and this samples measured by XRF method. Results showed water type in low-changed and lime was bicarbonate-calcite، in Galandar village with high-changed، sodium-sulphate، and in other samples were sulphate-calcite. Comparing of obtained results with Iran، WHO، and EPA drinking water standards showed F and sulfate ions were higher than permissible limit in some water samples. Diagrams of elements concentrations Fluctuations in water samples، showed high correlation between F، bicarbonate، and Na ions. Appearance of F contain minerals in Biotite، Hornblende، and Apatite minerals in microscopic sections، high contents of F in XRF results، and normative composition of the rock samples، correspond water pollution source of F to metamorphic rocks of this region. Therefore، with high geologic changes in the rocks، pollution potential of this region is high. F contents in the soil samples، showed lower than permissible limit of this element content.

Land use، has been considered for mapping and resource management for a long time. Remote sensing techniques are useful to produce land use map. In this study، Fuzzy technique; a remote sensing classification method، was applied to produce land use map. The study area was the sub watershed of Hablehrood watershed. In this investigation، ETM+ images acquired in 2002 were applied. The results showed that dry farmlands and range lands with good and moderate condition، were separated by high accuracy. The highest error of Fuzzy method is the determination of the boundaries between irrigated farmlands and poor range lands.

The Rio+20 summit started from June 20، 2012، was looking for specific targets on the path way of global sustainable development، focusing on international environmental issues، green economy and sustainable development، and environmental good governance، etc. This great international gathering had set its working schedule based on fundamental principles of justice، good governance، role of law، and sustainable development، and encouraged the cooperation of world leaders to take a novel approach to achieve sustainable development and execution of global governorship of law in 21st century. The RIO+20 was after the ways and means to achieve the principal goals، such as cooperation on principals of sustainable development، evaluation of activities since the first meeting held 20 years ago، i. e. on 1992، and the experiences gained. Attention was also made to execution of national and international environmental related laws، prioritization of sustainable issues، social justice، in order to achieve sustainable development. The international community must also think beyond Rio+20 and to establish a robust framework for strengthening international environmental rules and provide effective solutions for the future within the context of global environmental policies. The present paper evaluates and studies the formation of this world wide meeting and its consequences.

Most of Iranian cities are located beside productive lands which are proper for gardening and agricultural activities. Therefore, there exist many gardens and farmlands in marginal areas. Development of cities has decreased the rural quality of these lands. Obviously, under these circumstances we must take a more sensitive responsibility for the value of marginal areas. On the other hand, with the increase in population of cities like Kermanshah and in the resident’s demand for green and open spaces for spending leisure times and making social interactions, the need for developing new spaces proper for spending leisure times in marginal areas is strongly felt in the city. The role that gardens and farmlands have in respect of recreation and aesthetic might prevent the acts of construction in these areas. In this study, by applying landscape ecology for establishing new activities and practices, we firstly evaluate the existing condition of gardens in Sarab-e-Ghanbar. Then the region is zonation visually. Identification of these zone is made to implement practical solutions for improving total condition of the region as well as to determine features, potentials and issues related to each zone. Finally, with developing aims for design and organize, these studies are made in the form of a strategic plan.