فصلنامه نقد ادبی
پیاپی 23 (پاییز 1392)

In historical and literary studies، periodization is a regulative idea for classifying the literary and historical information in diachronic axis but its application in literary history has been subject to some critiques. This article is to study the critical debates about periodization in literary history and the rethinking of the concept. We can divide these critical debates in two groups: some critics call the very notion into question and refer to as invalid concept. Instead، others engage in rethinking and revising the concept for appropriate application in literary history. Imposition of a static framework on cultural and literary dynamics، averaging effect and contrast with uniqueness of literary works، combining histories of different literary genres، lack of conformity with reality، artificial homogeneity and consistency of change and evolution schemas، problems of terminology and descriptive، anachronism، lost years and centuries، ignoring the distance between literary production and literary reading، logical sequence، ignoring ethnic and gender groups and dominance of period concepts on critical thought are some critiques against periodization and its application in literary history. Rethinking of periodization، being based upon new historical and literary findings and sometimes focusing on redefinition of temporal limits of periods، is current in different frameworks: feminist approaches، according to ethnic and gender groups، and redefinition of literary periods based on new critical concepts. Keywords: literary history، theory of literary history، periodization، literary criticism، literary theory.

Most of the Persian literary studies investigate one or more text. But in these researches، the problem of selecting the text has usually been neglected. The text، as only a material of the study، and its selecting by author usually is considered without any communication with methodological aspects. However seriously and problematic study in this subject can enhance the research aspects of the investigation. In This article، we are aimed to evaluate the importance of selecting the text as a methodological element instead of the other criteria in the Persian literary researches. It seems that attention to the text as a methodological element is related to researcher’s awareness of the relationship between the selected text and other texts، and their differences and similarities. Indicating the importance of researcher’s information and his assumptions، this view emphasis on the function of the text ant it’s selecting in the results of the study

Cognitive Metaphor theory claims that in conceptualization of different concepts, ordinary and poetic languages are the same in some aspects, though different in other ones. This paper aims to an analysis of creativity of Hafiz in LOVE concept. In Hafiz poetry, LOVE is conceptualized by different, though related, conceptual mechanisms of metaphor, image, personification and metonymy. However, it seems that Hafiz has used more creative mechanisms in the conceptualization of LOVE. To find distinguishing influential factors in LOVE conceptualization, two important questions are raised: what is the difference between common metaphors of LOVE in Persian and those in Hafiz poetry? And among four mechanisms proposed by Kövecses (2010), which one is more influential in artistic creativity and novelty of Hafiz poetry? Close analysis of poems consisting LOVE concept shows that Hafiz language contains the same kind of conceptualization as ordinary languages of Persian and other languages. In other words, LOVE has been conceptualized as FIRE, JOURNEY, RAPTURE, etc. However, its conceptualization is different from that in ordinary language, because the poet has creatively used four poetic mechanisms of extension, elaboration, questioning, and combining which are less frequent in ordinary language. It seems that, as it is predicted by cognitive linguists, what distinguishes literary language from ordinary language is creative use of metaphorical conceptualizations, personification, image metaphors and conceptual metonymies. Besides, among four distinguishing mechanisms, combining and elaboration seems to be the most and questioning is the least effective factor in poetic conceptualization of LOVE. Moreover, Hafiz has used many creative, novel conceptual metaphors of LOVE along with conventional ones.

In this essay، the novel Raz''haye Sarzamine Man (The Mysteries of My Land) has been analyzed due to the issues of gender representation، using the critical discourse analysis methods and Simone de Beauvoir''s notion of gender. This، has led to the conclusion that portraying female characters in this novel، has two significant aspects: first، the Transformation of binary opposition of Innocent Girl/Prostitute (Athiry /Lakkateh) that has been illustrated by Hedayat، into Revolutionary Mother/ Royal Prostitute in this novel; and second، the emphasize placed on the political role of women in the Islamic Revolution of Iran، the importance of this role، and the portrayal of these women as powerful، visionary and open mind characters. Here، the hidden ideology of the text، has changed the problem of women and presumptions and judgments about them into a political and class-related one and so، has effected the writer''s concept of the history. It has been shown here also that the metaphor of the homeland as mother has shaded the text in the form of a mythical thought.

In the field of cognitive linguistics and cognitive poetics، researchers have emphasized metaphor’s important role in conceptualizing world experiences. In this respect، body parts have always been considered as a source domain in structuring various concepts in most languages and they’ve been exploiting the cultural models of each language in this deed. So، in order to investigate the interaction between metaphor، body، and culture in Persian، the present study tries to analyze some body-part metaphors including del (heart-stomach)، jegar (liver) and chechm (eye). The data was collected from Sa''di’s Bustan which is the demonstrative of Persian culture and has a great deal of body-parts metaphors. The analysis of the metaphorical expressions was carried out within a theoretical framework based on insights from cognitive linguistics and poetics. The data analyzed shows that Iranian cultural models، derived from Iranian traditional medicine and Persian spiritual belief systems such as the Sufi worldview and Islamic religion are some factors that affect the structure of cross-domain conceptual mappings.

Multiple theories are proposed in respect of cognitive linguistics among which، «conceptual metaphor» and «image schema» have the highest importance. image schemas are some structures of cognitive process which are formed because of the physical experience of human in contact to the external world and provide the possibility for understanding and analysis of abstract concepts. Image schema have different species such as، containment Schemas، path Schemas، force Schemas. Cycle Schemas is one of the kinds of image schemas which can be formed by natural or conventional mapping. Abstract concepts of cycle schemas in the poems of Sa’di can be placed in to three categories: 1) request; 2)complaint; 3)desertion. And the abstract concepts of cycle schemas in the poems of Hafez can be placed in to three categories: 1) request; 2)complaint; 3)submission. The cognitive analyses obtained from the cycle schemas of these poets include: 1) sa’di’s understanding of time movement is liner and Hafez’s understanding of it is circular. 2) sa’di’s liner movement understanding indicates to realization and Hafez’s circular understanding indicates to his idealization. 3) Because of liner movement understanding Sa’di is placed in to tragic human-being group and due to circular movement understanding Hafez is regarded as spic human. 4) The form of the vocabularies’application and general structure of the poems indicate to the decentralization of Sa’di and centralization of Hafez.

Sadegh Hedayat is one of the most famous Iranian author''s. Novel، «Boof –e- Koor» is the most important posts. His historical geography and climate in various areas of studies has various Iranian cities. These studies can be clear in some of his works، including «Boof –e- Koor». The «Boof –e- Koor» Much has been written about yet. But this focus has been Descriptions similar to situations where old stories in «Boof –e- Koor» Rey، three to seven centuries AH. Applicable Ray Old Town Historical Geography descriptions «Boof –e- Koor» as documented for the first time this has been done A sign of the attention is directed at the payment and confirming the words of his novel «Boof –e- Koor»، is full of techniques، and the book is accurate. «Despite the complexity of the story of The» Boof –e- Koor «and innovative elements of the real world that is reflected back to the severance of the third and seventh centuries AH Ray has… In this paper descriptions of the same place،» Boof –e- Koor«with historical geography Rey، based on five main elements: the structure of the city، and Cultural characteristics of the city، City Brand Positioning، topographic features of civic، social and cultural elements that have been reviewed and adaptive recognition.