فهرست مطالب

Biotechnology - Volume:11 Issue: 4, Autumn 2013

Iranian Journal of Biotechnology
Volume:11 Issue: 4, Autumn 2013

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1392/08/28
  • تعداد عناوین: 10
|
  • Abdolamir Allameh Pages 205-206
  • Navid Dadashpour Davachi, Seyed Mohammad Miri Pages 207-208
  • Ladan Rashidi, Ebrahim Vasheghani-Farahani, Khosrow Rostami, Fariba Gangi, Masoud Fallahpour Pages 209-213
    Background
    In the last decades, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) are improved for drug delivery, imaging, and biomedical applications due to their special properties such as large surface area, high drug loading capacity, tunable pore size, and modification of surface area by functional groups..
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was to evaluate MSNs as carriers for oral colon-specific and human plasma blood delivery of vitamin C..
    Materials And Methods
    In this work, mesoporous silica nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and N2- adsorption. Then MSNs were loaded by L-ascorbic acid (AscH2), and the release of L-ascorbic acid from AscH2-MSNs into the simulated fluids in different pHs was investigated, including simulated gastric fluid (SGF, 1.2), simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, 6.8), and simulated body fluid (SBF, 7.4). The amount of loaded AscH2 into the MSNs was determined by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA)..
    Results
    Synthesized MSNs were spheres and the average diameter of them was 100 ± 9 nm. Results showed that about 567.8 nanomole of vitamin C per gram of MSNs were loaded. It was found that the burst release of AscH2 into SGF was slower than SIF and SBF..
    Conclusions
    The rate of AscH2 release from the nanoparticles into alkaline solutions was faster than acidic solutions because of electrostatic interactions between vitamin C and MSNs surface. The loading amount of Vitamin C was dependent on the surface of chemical moiety of MSNs and the steric effects of vitamin C structure.
    Keywords: Ascorbic Acid, Mesoporous Silica, Nanoparticles, Release, Vitamin C
  • Mingsheng Cai, Zhiyao Zhao, Junyi Zhu, Jianhong Chen, Bingyun Wang, Zi Li, Meili Li Pages 214-222
    Background
    Little knowledge of synonymous codon usage pattern of pseudorabies virus (PRV) genome, especially the UL31 gene in the process for its evolution is available..
    Objectives
    In the present study, the codon usage bias between PRV UL31 sequence and the UL31-like sequences was identified..
    Materials And Methods
    We used a comprehensive analysis on codon usage pattern in the PRV UL31 gene and the UL31-like genes of 48 reference herpesviruses by calculating codon adaptation index, ENc, RSCU and EMBOSS assays..
    Results
    Cluster analysis demonstrated that the codon usage bias of UL31-like genes of 49 herpesviruses had a very close relation to their gene functions. In addition, comparison of codon preferences in the UL31 gene of PRV with those of E. coli, yeast and human showed that there were 33 codons showing discrete usage differences between PRV and yeast, 24 between PRV and E. coli, but 22 between PRV and human. Although there were slightly fewer differences in codon usages between PRV and human, the difference is unlikely to be statistically significant, and experimental studies are necessary to establish the most suitable expression system for PRV UL31..
    Conclusion
    These results may further our comprehending of the evolution, pathogenesis and functional studies of PRV..
    Keywords: Alphaherpesvirus, Codon usage bias, Pseudorabies Virus, UL31 gene
  • Samaneh Sanjari, Abbas Naderifar, Gholamreza Pazuki Pages 223-232
    Background
    The complexity of the fermentation processes is mainly due to the complex nature of the biological systems which follow the life in a non-linear manner. Joined performance of artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA) in finding optimal solutions in experimentation has found to be superior compared to the statistical methods. Range of applications of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as an enzymatic derivative of starch is diverse, where the complex performance of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) as the involved enzyme is not well recognized..
    Objectives
    The aim of the present work was to use ANN systems with different training algorithms and defined architectures joined with GA, in order to optimize β-CD production considering temperature of the reaction mixture, substrate concentration, and the inoculum’s pH as the input variables..
    Materials And Methods
    Commercially Neural Power, version 2.5 (CPC-X Software, 2004) was used for the numerical analysis according to the specifications provided in the software. β-CD concentration was determined spectrophotometrically according to phenolphthalein discoloration technique, described in the literature..
    Results
    Randomly obtaining the experimental data for β-CD production in a fermentation process, could get explainable order using the ANN system coupled with GA. Changes of the β-CD as the function of each of the three selected input variables, were best quantified with use of the ANN system joined with the GA. The performance of the IBP learning algorithm was highly favorable (10300 epoch’s number within 5 second, with the lowest RMSE value) while the sensitivity analysis of the results which was carried out according to the weight method, were indicative of the importance of input variables as follows: substrate concentration < temperature < inoculum’s pH. For instance, small changes in the system’s pH are associated with the large variation in the β-CD production as has been described by the suggested model..
    Conclusions
    Production of β-CD (enzymatic derivative of starch) by B. licheniformis was satisfactorily described based on multivariate data analysis application of the ANN system and the experimental data were optimized by considering ANN plus the GA where the IBP was used as the training method and with use of three neurons as the constructed variables in the hidden layer of the test network..
    Keywords: Artificial Neural Network, Bacillus licheniformis, β, Cyclodextrin Production, Genetic Algorithm, Modeling, Optimization
  • Fatemeh Nejatzadeh-Barandozi, Leila Akbari Pages 233-237
    Background
    We describe karyotypic variations and the in vitro methods for plant propagation and conservation as well as detailed chromosomal analysis of (Aloe vera L.) and Aloe littoralis from Iran during flowering stage..
    Objectives
    This karyotypic was discovered because of a difference in the position of the chromosome and due to genomic differentiation in domesticated populations of the Iranian species. We show that highly conserved ortho selected karyotype in (Aloe vera L.) both in in vivo and in vitro grown cultivars..
    Materials And Methods
    Cytological investigation of Aloe littoralis in vitro grown plants revealed its tetraploid nature. Chromosome behaviors in miosis cell division were studied in one hundred cells and the populations and the parameters such as number and type of formed chiasmas were recorded..
    Results
    Despite the large size of the chromosomes, the most portions of the observed chiasmata were one chiasma per pairs of homologes. A population of Aloe littoralis showed high level of four chiasmata. The percentage of pollen viability is high in both (Aloe vera L.) and Aloe littoralis, yet the flowers failed to form fruits..
    Conclusions
    This finding, in combination with regional differences in the frequency of the karyotype, has important values for future studies using Aloe spices..
    Keywords: Aloe Littoralis, Chiasma, Karyotypic Variation
  • Armin Towhidi, Saeed Zeinoaldini, Rouzbeh Ardebili, Navid Dadashpour Davachi, Amir Hossein Nasiri Pages 238-243
    Background
    Spermatozoa preservation is an approach to improve the fertility rate to pass on the valuable genetic material from sire to their offspring. During the last 20 years, reproductive biotechnologists have focused on the approaches that improve spermatozoa cryosurvival. One of the possible mechanisms is supplementation in semen extender..
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effects of healthy ram semen with n-3 fatty acids and α-tocopherol (Vitamin E) on freezing ability and fatty acid (FA) content of sperm cell..
    Materials And Methods
    Semen collection was performed on six mature Zandi rams by an artificial vagina. In the present study, two experiments were carried out. In Experiment 1, the specimen quality was assessed. Then the samples were pooled. The pooled specimens were allocated into 12 groups, in a 3 × 4 factorial design, including four levels of n-3 FA (0, 0.1, 1, 10 ng.mL -1) and three levels of α-tocopherol (0. 0.1, 0.2 mM). Then sperm critical characteristics such as proportion of motile sperm, progressive motile sperm, viable and abnormal sperms were measured. Furthermore, after freezing-thawing procedure, the recovery rate was considered as a vital indicator of semen quality. After thawing, the highest progressive motility was obtained when treated with 0.1 mM α-tocopherol and 1 ng.mL -1 n-3 FA. So, the second experiment was designed to measure the content of FA in specimens that fortified with 0.1 mM α-tocopherol, 1 ng.mL -1 n-3 FA and also in groups without α-tocopherol and FA..
    Results
    The data showed that before freezing, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) level of sperm was increased when the FA introduced into extender (P ≤ 0.01). On the other hand, in the FA group, the n-3 FA and polyunsaturated fatty acid content were significantly higher compared with n-6 FA and saturated fatty acid level. However, in other groups, there were no significant alteration in the overall proportion of n-3 FA and n-6 FA were recorded (P ≤ 0.01)..
    Conclusion
    It was concluded that the cryosurvival of ram semen could be improved by adding DHA along with alfa-tocopherol as an antioxidant..
    Keywords: α, tocopherol, Freezing, n, 3 Fatty Acids, Sheep, Sperm
  • Esmaeil Zakipour-Molkabadi, Zohreh Hamidi-Esfahani, Mohammad Ali Sahari, Mohammad Hosein Azizi Pages 244-250
    Background
    Tannase can be obtained from the various sources for example tannin rich plants; however microbial sources are preferred for industrial production. In microbial sources, the Aspergillus and Penicillium genus and lactic acid bacteria mostly produce tannase. However, it has been identified that this enzyme is produced by many fungi and bacteria, but researches are continuing to find new species..
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was to isolate a tannase-producing fungi from moldy tea leaves and to study some properties of its enzyme..
    Materials And Methods
    The present study was done via two steps. At first, industrially important tannaseproducing fungi were isolated from moldy tea leaves using the simple agar plate method followed by the screening of organisms capable of producing tannase using the enrichment culture technique in modified Czapek Dox’s agar. Finally, tannase obtained from the best isolate was partially purified and characterized..
    Results
    Tannase produced by Penicillium sp. EZ-ZH190 isolated from moldy tea leaves was partially purified and characterized. Maximum enzyme production (4.33 U.mL-1) was recorded after 96 hours of incubation at 30 °C in submerged culture (100 rpm) utilizing 1% (w/v) tannic acid as a sole carbon source. This tannase exhibited optimum activity at 35 °C and at pH of 5.5, and showed nearly 50% of its maximal activity at 50 °C. In the present study, tannase from Penicillium sp. EZ-ZH190 had KM and Vmax values of 1.24 mM and 17.09 U.mL-1, respectively, and showed more than 50% stability at salt (NaCl) concentration of 1 M for 24 hours..
    Conclusions
    Tannase productivity of Penicillium sp. EZ-ZH190 (0.045 U.mL-1.h-1) is comparable with the maximum tannase productivity in the reported literatures, and the biochemical characteristics showed by Penicillium sp. EZ-ZH190 tannase are considered favorable for tannin biodegradation in the industry. So, we concluded that Penicillium sp. EZ-ZH190 is a good strain for use in the efficient production of tannase..
    Keywords: Activity, Stability, Tannase, Tannic Acid
  • Dinh Kha Trinh, Dinh Thi Quyen, Thi Tuyen Do, Thi Thu Huong Nguyen, Ngoc Minh Nghiem Pages 251-259
    Background
    Cellulytic enzymes including carboxymethyl cellulases play the key role in hydrolysis of cellulose, a huge organic carbon reservoir on earth, into monomeric sugars and their eventual conversion into valuable chemicals and energy sources..
    Objectives
    In this study, we described the identification of a basidiomycete isolate NDVN01 and optimization of culture conditions and medium components for CMCase production by this strain under liquid state fermentation. The CMCase was estimated as 32 - 33 kDa on a native Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)..
    Materials And Methods
    We used 5 basidiomycetes for screening CMCase production, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis in combination with morphology for strain identification, and liquid state fermentation for optimization of CMCase production..
    Results
    The maximum CMCase production by Peniophora sp. NDVN01 was obtained at 28°C, with the initial medium pH of 7 and within 120 hours of cultivation in the optimum medium containing 80% (v/v) of potato infusion, 0.6% (w/v) straw rice as additional carbon source and 0.2% (w/v) ammonium hydrogen phosphate as an additional nitrogen source, and 0.5% (w/v) pulp as inducer..
    Conclusions
    Under optimal conditions, Peniophora sp. NDVN01 produced 24.65 ± 0.37 units of CMCase per mL of culture supernatant, which was 8.6 times higher than the amount (2.87 ± 0.28 U.mL -1) before optimization..
    Keywords: CMCase Culture Condition, Medium Component, Optimization, Peniophora sp. NDVN01
  • Satyajit Kanungo, Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Santi Lata Sahoo Pages 260-264
    Background
    Withania somnifera L. Dunal, (Ashwagandha) belongs to the family Solanaceae and is known as ‘Indian ginseng’ in the traditional system of medicine..
    Objectives
    In the present investigation, comparative analysis was carried out between two different ecotypes of W. somnifera related to total soluble protein and antioxidant enzyme activity [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX)] to find out the expression of isozyme in response to climatic variation..
    Materials And Methods
    Viable and healthy seeds were germinated under the optimal condition to develop the in vitro and in vivo plants. The plant materials were taken for the analysis of total soluble protein and evaluated for antioxidant enzyme activity in both ecotypes..
    Results
    Maximum protein (15.54 mg/gm fresh weight) was quantified from the in vitro grown plants of W1 ecotype. The CAT and SOD activity was found to be the maximum in W1 plants whereas, GPX activity was more in W2 plants. Specific activity staining of isozyme pattern exhibited only one band of CAT in all types of plants. In case of SOD, four isoforms (SOD 1, SOD 2, SOD 3 and SOD 4) were observed in W1 ecotype whereas one band (SOD 1) was missing in W2..
    Conclusions
    The supplementation of required nutrients under in vitro condition enhanced the yield of antioxidant enzymes. The geographical distribution of plants contributes to the variation in the expression of the isozyme in the same species, and that may be due to the climatic variation..
    Keywords: Antioxidant, Catalase, Guaiacol Peroxidase, Isoforms, Protein