نشریه نشاء علم
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 6، خرداد 1392)

Quality healthcare is one of the main goals and purposes of a successful country. Understanding the relationships between foods, physiological function and disease have progressed in recent years, particularly over the past decade. Nowadays foods are not just consumed as sources of nutrients and energy but also provide medicinal benefits. It has been known for centuries that foods could have medicinal properties, but what is new is the discovered science behind these knowledge and the scientific terms used to describe these properties. One of the most important terms used is nutraceuticals. The term nutraceuticals was coined from “nutrition” and “pharmaceutical in 1989 which is referred to any food or part of a food system that provides medical or health benefits, including the prevention and treatment of disease. Foods are medicine and when used in the right quantities, combinations, time and place can treat a vast range of acute and chronic disorders and diseases. Generally people prefer using nutraceuticals over drugs due to high drug costs and their side effects. For nutraceuticals, there are three key issues of the technology in the developed countries; (1) estab-lishment of scientific assessment standard for prevention of diseases, (2) establishment of assessment system for disease prevention by human trials and (3) establishment of seamless system to transfer stage from basic research to green industrialization. Global nutraceuticals market is a very rich and promising market. As a concept, nutraceuticals industry although has grown enormously, is still in its early stages. The list of nutraceuticals being studied is changing constantly which reflects ongoing research, discoveries and consumer demand. The same phenomena should take place in Iran where authorities, green industries and people mostly recognize the importance of the quote; “Let food be our medicine”

Based on the number of scientific documents indexed in the Thomson Reuters institute for scientific information (ISI), the number of Iranian scientific documents is 24962 (1.59% of the world value) in science, 1244 (0.49% of the world value) in social sciences, 91 (0.09% of the world value) in art and humanity sciences and 25508 (1.42% of the world value) in total. Turkey and Iran obtained the first and second ranks by 1.61% and 1.42% scientific contribution, respectively, among the region and Moslem countries in 2012. The number of Iranian published scientific documents were 19387 and 25034 in 2010 and 2011, respectively, which show 1.9% grow in 2012 and 29.1% grow in 2011. Hence, after a decade of continuous scientific mutations, the level of our participation in published international scientific documents reached to a constant value in 2012. Tehran University of Medical Science, University of Tehran, Sharif University of Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, Shiraz University and Amir Kabir University of Technology, respectively, were six better governmental universities in 2012. Subjects of engineering, chemistry, physics, material and mathematics had the most important role in science documents production. Twenty percent of scientific documents in 2012 is related to the all branches of Islamic Azad University. USA, Canada, England, Germany, Australia, respectively, had the most cooperation in scientific contributions with Iran.

Probiotics are live and useful microorganisms that have beneficial health effects for the host by enhancing host intestinal microbial flora and its balance. Some of the health claims of probiotics include positive effects on a variety of gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal disorders, immune enhancement, topic eczema and lowering cholesterol. But in general, it is mostly proven that probiotics can improve gut health. Probiotics can also produce vitamin B and promote mineral absorption. Most research work done to this date, discusses health benefits of probiotics. But are probiotics safe to use by every one of different age and health status? Probiotic side effects are usually rare and most people can use them without experiencing any adverse effects. However there are limitations on the use probiotics; for example people suffering from very low immune system, or old-age people as well as newly born infant are better off not using probiotics.

To meet the needs of the current times without a compromise in the usage of resources of future generations,requires utilization of new strategies and technologies in various frontiers including construction. Green architecture is a manifestation of the concepts aimed for sustainable development in construction and city building. Today the use of renewable energies, new construction technologies and appropriate materials, durable buildings, clean transport and recycling of wastes; helps to minimize damages incurred to the environment. Iran has a long history of using sustainable architecture in its building construction. Iranians intelligently utilized the power of natural and indigenous materials to construct green buildings and develop the cities. By contrast, in its modern buildings construction, little attention is paid to energy efficiency, balance with nature and producing less pollution and wastes. Proper use of materials and indigenous knowledge, combined with new technologies and expertise know-how and experience in renewable energies, can help to revive the elements of green architecture again in Iran.

Without doubt, ‘wave’ can be considered as one of the fundamental elements of nature, where its discovery and understanding, is considered one of the most astonishing achievements of mankind This is due to the fact that the wave is considered as the means of “recognition” and “communication” between elements of our nature. Living creatures communicate with each other through different forms of sound or pictorial waves. Although scientists have somewhat attempted to shed light on these waves by classifying them in different frequency bands, a concise understanding of the behavior of these waves would only be possible upon interface with various media and if the structural properties of these media as well as the mutual interaction effects are examined. In scientific terms, relationship between wavelength and structural unit-cell-size determines the behavior of both wave and the media. Based on the available scientific facts and findings about waves, it is time to investigate the reciprocal effects of waves and media from a structural point of view. In other words, we envision conditions under which waves can be controlled appropriately by considering an intelligent design of a structure they traverse. The research shows that this has indeed become feasible by the “Metamaterials” technology. Metamaterials are artificial media or structures, thanks to their potential in providing controllable parameters that can offer extraordinary properties not readily available in nature. In this paper we attempt to introduce metamaterial technology, and provide a general picture of its unique features and extraordinary applications (such as invisibility, miniaturization, performance enhancement, etc.); and perhaps most importantly, shed light on the possibilities that metamaterial has opened to scholars in various fields.

System biology refers to a field of science that helps in clarifying general fundamentals that dominate biological functions. System modeling originated from systemic understanding of life has gone through several changes in its general outlook including reductionism, machinery to holism and finally to systemic point of view. Several main problems and questions in agriculture and medicine as well as other fields can be resolved using system biology. Issues that are addressed by system biology include: systemic understanding of plant stresses and disease, modeling of drug effects and treatment of animal and human disease. System biology and systemic approach in analysis of life phenomena, is expected to be one of the future requirements of biologists and scientists in solving some of the important life problems.

After the completion of human genome sequencing in 2003, the field of translational medicine was created to expedite the conversion of the basic and clinical research into effective therapy and medical devices applicable for patient care. Translational medicine is the synergy between epidemiology, basic and clinical research with diversified impacts on the institutions, clinicians, scientists, patients, investors, policy makers and general public. Current scientific vision is somehow different from the traditional research direction. The difference is the enhanced awareness about the difficulties of reaching scientific goals. These difficulties include scientific challenges, outdated infrastructures, cost, licensing, and length of clinical testing and lack of well-trained scientists that all could affect the medical application. Despite the shortcomings, future of translational medicine is still promising by providing highly trained translational research scientists that can engage with patient, laboratory, industry and government. Most developed countries are going forward strongly by investing on their trained scientists and suitable scientific projects which will warrant a profitable future. In this article, we will discuss the processes, obstacles, opportunities and challenges of translational medicine in countries where they are undisputed scientific leaders in this field in comparison with Islamic Republic of Iran.

Technological Innovation (TI) is supposed to be one of the most effective’s growth and development factors for countries to which science and Technology policy makers as well as economic planners and decision makers are paying much attention. In fact, this issue is regarded as the achievement of industry and trade in the 21 century. Technological Innovation is the result of scientific and technical mastery of the countries and their measures in implementing and utilizing their collective intellectual capabilities. In the present age, technology is the vital factor for the growth and survival of the enterprises, corporations and industrial foundations, therefore; TI plays an important role in determining policies and organization strategies. In addition, it is an effective tool for achieving success in saturation and needs to new products in trade competitions, organizations with no plan for innovation will sooner or later face serious problems . In other words their growth and survival depends heavily on their achieving to new technology and products. New Technologies are resulted from converting a new idea into a new product by means of registering a patent. Technological innovation brings us a number of results including achieving higher performance at faster speed, higher level of safety, higher efficiency and saving. This article provides definitions for innovation and Technological Innovation as well as revisions on types of innovation, innovation models, innovation infrastructures and innovation management within the frame work of national innovation system (NIS).

During past two decades, new forms of diplomacy in international relations have been introduced that include humanitarian diplomacy as well as diplomacy of science & technology. Clearly, today’s modern diplomacies are considered to be powerful tools that play an important role in realization of country’s goals, tools that when they are properly utilized, open the ways to resolve many Obstacles within the traditional diplomacy practiced among different countries. The ever increasing Important role of diplomacy of science and technology has caused politicians and policy-makers of different countries particularly Iran, to pay more attention to science & technology diplomacy. Experience gained by other countries indicate that a change in their traditional thought towards diplomacy and adaptation of the modern diplomacies such as science and technology diplomacy, has Accelerated realization of country conceived and desired goals. In addition, resorting to science & technology diplomacy has brought more legitimacy and more credit to these countries in their International Relations with other countries. The current interaction between traditional diplomacy and modern diplomacy, is a manifestation of evolution in international relations in our current world. Deployment of these interactions, leads to an upgrade in the status of countries within the current International system. Considering that one of Macro-policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran is to gain a distinctive stand in all fields including diplomacy of science and technology, it is necessary that particular attention be given to diplomacy of science and technology and play an important tool in foreign policy and decision making. In this study in line with the general context and broad picture conceived of diplomacy, we will attempt to describe pathology of diplomacy of science and technology in Iran and some of the considerations to be made in adopting suitable policy.

Science and Technology Museums (STM) aside from being places for exhibitions, are places of learning aimed primarily to create an environment for public education and participation in science learning. Nowadays science museums are considered as learner-focused places where education is led through observation, hearing and experimentation. As such, learning becomes deep rooted as well as application-oriented. In this paper after a brief introduction about science museums, their role in active learning and ultimately some of the prominent features of important science museums around the world and Iran will be compared and discussed.

Formulating persuasive policies on several fields in the industrial, commercial, aesthetic, and science is as important tactics of description competition and establishing scientific prizes that it has an important role in developing of country. The first necessity is from prominent researchers on various scientific fields. Allocating of financial supports of scientists and researchers achievements with a view to a faster and easier accessing to science developments and problems resolution of human communities on varied fields is an accepted issue in advanced communities. Some countries like Norway are the position of big prize for the world’s scientists. In such a way, it is cause of science`s world growth. Briefly in this text try to introducing some important scientific prizes in international field on various sciences.

This work reviews Nobel laureates in medicine and physiology from the time it was initiated up to now. In this paper, after examining the background of Nobel winners in medicine and physiology, an attempt is made to analyze the evolving pattern of winners within the period of quarter of century. More than 80% of the awards in medicine and physiology have been in area of diseases, gene and chromosome, immune system, nervous system, methods and finally innovations in equipment design. In this paper we will examine the nature of the awards given on medicine and physiology and their grouping into five subfields, we will make an attempt to take a deeper look on the quality and particular feature of awards in medicine and physiology during past decade.

Pen in reference to "written documentation" acts as a means of preserving science and human knowledge, it is trustee of thoughts and ideas of philosophers, it is a connecting link between the past, current and future of humanity. It is stated that the link between heaven and earth is made by pen. In holy Koran, on several occasions and in several verses, sworn is made to pen which is in reference to writings made by pen. It has been confirmed by reputed European writers that it was the writings done by Moslems that shed light into Europe of Mid Centuries and thus leading them to move towards civilized ages. It is stated that prophet wholly EDRIS was the first person who used writing by pen that indicates the wholly position of pen and importance of writing. It has been stated that there are two forms of making statements: statements made verbally and statements done by writings. In the first form, contents become diminished in time and may be forgotten while statements made in writing can remain unchanged forever. This paper explains the importance of pen and pen writing.