پژوهش نامه اخلاق
پیاپی 20 (تابستان 1392)

According to the moral and educational ancient history ofmusic, its influence on human morality is inevitable. Receiving the music, the viewpoint of non religious morality has taken its advantage as an instrument for training the soul and acquiring good human characteristics. However, it should be mentioned that in this viewpoint there is no place for immoderate music and the music opposed-to-human and moral characteristics and only that kind of music is considered which is in line with moderation and moral values regarding its form and content. Although the relation between music and ghina is logically general and pure particular, in Islamic moral viewpoint, the serious sensitivities which have been existed about ghina, have also stained the domain of valid music. This paper aims at analyzing the quality of influence of music on human sensual mood as well as elucidating the instrumental position of music in acquiring human moral features in morality knowledge.

One of the most challenging topics of ethics in sport is the problem of "doping" by the usage of improper methods and materials of doping. In order to draw a valid conclusion, the paper attempts to evaluate and criticize the pros and con's evidences of doping taken from internet sites, different papers and Islamic resources. The derived conclusion indicates that despite of bringing about a state of pondering, the pro's evidences of doping cannot resist against the cons'. From the viewpoint of applied ethics and also of Islams, doping is an incorrect method of increasing the athlete's efficiency. Islam's ethical point of view could be described based on Islamic resources and clear principles that the paper undertakes.

This paper has dealt with explaining a modern theory about leadership theories. For this, having a widespread review literature and explaining the theories of ethical leadership which have been expanded previously in the west scientific literature, a modern theory called "Ethicsbased Leadership" has been proposed which is based on the Islamic standards and logical method of the extracted concepts in this area. To elucidate this theory, after a comprehensive study and analysis of the similarities and differences in the literature related to Islamic management, and considering the fact that observing human creation and recognition is taken into account as a basis and a foundation in theorizing and expanding Islamic humanities, a comprehensive paradigm has been proposed in the area of Islamic management. According to this paradigm and enjoying the philosophy of Islamic ethics as well as the expert's opinions in the field of ethics, the concept of applied ethics is defined and explained and finally, based on this definition, the form of ethics-based leadership is established.

The present paper has attended to two prevalent concepts in today's management literature–organizational values and organizational ethics; two concepts that are used interchangeably. The aim of this study is clarifying the real for and against positions regarding these two concepts. The study is an exploratory one and in terms of purpose, it is an applied study. In terms of equivalent, there are four relations between these two concepts from which those of "contrast" and "equality" are rejected and those of " the state partly extending one another and partly not" and of "the state one absolutely extending the other" are acceptable. In terms of existence, ethics could be considered as the expanded recitation of the organizational values. This analysis indicates that the organizational values and organizational ethics are common in scope and impact; function; responsibility for promotion and development and in sustainability; type of selection; and the direction of the relationship are distinct from each other.

A lexical analysis of the word 'courtesy' indicates that some concepts such as delicacy and novelty, acceptability and attractiveness, stability and lasting are included within this word. And various descriptions have been introduced for this word all of which refer to a kind of good aspect, proper form, accepted appearance, and an adorned state. Although some of them are made through social phenomena in the form of habit, custom and convention, they do not necessarily enjoy a moral reality and valuable truth. Although courtesy is risen from good characteristics and moral virtues and it causes infiltration of endogenous characteristics and provides deeply rooted moral abilities, their subject matter is only related to human behavior without including the characteristics. Since courtesy is introduced just in good forms and undergoes changes and upheavals in the manner of application, it is different with morality.

This paper is concerned with analyzing moral realism from Kawjah Nasir's viewpoint. His definition of morality and his viewpoints about moral issues and system could be considered as virtue-oriented that has been formed based on philosophical psychology. The wholesome analysis of Khawjah Nasir's philosophical psychology and the way of formation of moral virtues as well as the wholesome explanation of his moral system will specify the realistic elements of his system of ethics. Accordingly, we will approve his virtue-oriented viewpoint.

Muslim philosophers who has attended to ethics based on a virtue-based approach believe that virtue is recognizable based on something in middle situated around which one or several vices are situated. According to the mentioned regulation, prayer is an ethical virtue which is considered as a subcategory of justice criterion. This includes a set of virtues that adorning with each virtue ends in purification from a vice which is opposed to it. An explanation of prayer as a virtue is given in this paper and the way of its opposing vices is analyzed.

Moral absolutism in the philosophy of ethics is a point of view which is in opposition to moral relativism. The school is founded on realism and objectivism. Muslim thinkers have often been in agreement with the view. This study aims at indicating the fact that, regarding ethics, Qazi Abd Al-Jabbar Motazeli belives in absolutism and he has not accepted any types of relativism. He just believes in a weak version of cultural relativism. His strategy for contradiction in moral absolute rules is also analyzed in the study.

Until the late nineteenth century, Newtonian physics was accepted as the only undisputable physics in the world of science. According to Newton, location, time, movement, and body mass were absolute and there was no relativity in them. However, by the beginning of the twentieth century, the first sparkles of relativity and Quantum physics brought about uncertainties against Newtonian physics. Meanwhile, some philosophers of science and physicists of the twentieth century who were under the influence of the two revolutions of relativity and Quantum in modern physics claimed that by fall of the Newtonian classical physics which is assertive of certainty and determinism within the nature’s system, not only free choice and option of human is assured but also moral values about human activities will be subordinate to time and location and these values will lose their certainty and inclusion. As a result, like the modern physics, ethics will be a relative category. The present paper is an attempt to explain the relativity in physics and ethics, and also to explicate the relationship between these two categories and finally, we have attended to rejection and criticism of the abovementioned claim.

One`s awareness of oneself and its mode of self-awreness affects one`s attitude to others considerably. The study، being based on psychological and neurological sources، has explainded that gossip is on the basis of self-plan، self-confirmation and a higher than average effect and their part in awareness. In the study، the link of the factor to gossip and the link of gossip to neuric origions of mirror and imitated net of neurves have been explained. As is proved in the paper، one may oppose gossiping by being exactly aware of one`s nature abilities and disabilities as well as by using a preventing neuric system of imitation.