نشریه علوم جغرافیایی
پیاپی 13-14 (بهار و تابستان 1388)

Subsidence phenomenon consists of dilapidation of land surface that happens for different reasons in large scale. Different items lead to this phenomenon such as dissolution, fuse of ice and accumulation of sediments, slow moving of earth, exudation of lava, human interferences like mining or out of control consumption of water sources. The main factor of subsidence phenomenon in most Iran's plains is discharge of aquifer that develops silently like cancer in the Plain of Mashhad, a super critical plain in northeast of Iran, which the metropolitan of Mashhad is located on it, is not an exception and slow but dangerous changes can be seen on it everyday. Certainly recognizing the different aspects of this event is useful for finding some. solution in order to control the human and financial disaster Method and phases of research: This research is experimental and the following steps are done in order to reach the goal: - gathering the information. Providing and entering the different layers of useful information for preparing the plan - Mapping Analysis The main goal of geomorphic study of this event is the valuation of the level of the plain.

Watershed management of view Geographers, managment available resources in a cachment is defined as that which is used for optimal use. In order to be considered when discussing the management of potential and actual talent is needed for optimal utilization and continuous basis and management of programs representing care. Rural areas in direct contact with the natural resources and beneficiary of catchment and transformation of these resources are quite distinct effects on social and economic life of villagers. Effective factors in impelementation watershed management projects in bandeghora cachment include: severe damage to pasture, and reducing its efficiency, destructive floods, falling groundwater levels water, reducing of dubai water flow spring and subterranean and then dry, low-income and immigrant seasonal and permanent, as is the effectiveness of Project Watershed evaluation operation on social change - economic objectives. Watershed and soil and water conservation measures in order to eliminate or reduce damage caused Improper use of. the natural environment of humans, including those that began some years ago and also at present time. this paper examines the effects of watershed management operations in the bandeghora catchment. Watershed activities in the catchment bandeghora causes flood control, groundwater supply, water pollution reduction and ultimately increases agricultural production in the region. (Same source) in Basin study case watershed operations involves mechanical operations (construction), the biological and biomechanical factors. Watershed operation of mechanical and biomechanical successful but due to drought and low rainfall and lack of biological operations to complete the operation of biological and uncontrolled livestock grazing has been associated with failure.

This Article titled "Economic Effects of production cooperatives in rural development, the sample: co-production Chenaran" two Golbahar villages, with the aim of investigating the role of co-production companies, increasei productivity and reduces costs, and also providesa method For these activities, and awareness of the problems and obstacles in the way farmers and rural production cooperative enterprises has been prepared. Although rural cooperatives production is facing many problems in their activities, the results of this study indicate a role in the participation and development company, increase.production efficiency, reduce production costs and thus, increase rural income cooperative members, compared with other villagers. Cooperative. interaction between the villagers and creating fundamental change in production, this process can be compared with production efficiency arjd reduce production costs, and thus increases the furai incomes between cooperatives and rural districts Chenaran. Accordingly, the main question is to study the expression of co-production that you can increase efficiency and reduce costs of production. According to the research question, two hypotheses whether proposed: 1 - Activity in the form of cooperative enterprises manufacturing production value (yield) increases 2- Activity in the form of cooperative enterprises to reduce production cost can increase production. The study is a descriptive - analytical study and the results showed that Cooperative Golbahar 2, the increased efficiency of crops (%14/09), and garden (%12/7), and also reduce production costs and horticultural crops, respectively (%7/8) and (%6/2), and reducing the cost of livestock (%3/4), has been successful, therefore, both hypotheses are confirmed.

Mashhad Urban Metropolis hierarchical system,with a population of about 2.4 million people, is the second largest metropolis of the role of tourism and recreation in the national and international Jevels attracting many Immigrarilp ftom other parts of India and even neighboring countries like Afghanistan and Pakistan tong with other factors such as the limited capacity of metropolitan settlement, land expensive housing, building control failure marginal points and. .. Formed in 1330 after decades of marginaltzation phenomena associated with social and economic structures of modernization and expansion that took place from the year 1375 onwards and now it has become a major problem.Since these parts without prior planning and municipal services outside formed many limitations such as the lack c?f amenities, sefifces, leisure, security and … encountered the general cultym in this area was not aeceptable and, therefore, the level of popular participation will also be outside the scopp of the illegaf construction and municipal services that are not needed by the organization to provide services to these areas These factors contribute to the debale raised by its residents who are entitled to adequate facilities for welfare.The present article aims to investigate the participation of marginalized District 3. Districct 3 of Mashhad has been developed in order to improive the area. The research method is descriptiveanalytical study based on the field survey data analysis. A collection information was by two different librajry and questionnaire. A total of 338 questionnaires (sample size) for the 1170 urban households (population) in region 3 of Mashhad Municipality Zone 3 was prepared (population basis, Households). They completed the distribution and classification based on random sampling in the neighborhood area. Based on information from the higher education level, family (The best educated people in the family) certainly contribute to a naturally high level of culture, and culture is a family rises. And family participation in improving the quality of residential neighborhoods or higher and also lower than those of Jhe (non-standard materials and life of great units) in order to improve the quality location more likely to contribute towards the improvement and modernization of housing units have a utility service.

Nowdays, making a job and constant development is very important in the gnition of natural attractive and geomorphological phenomena, which is substantiative in tourism industry. Diversity in tourism attractives is important. The north east of Iran and Mashhad holy city, especially are tourism places, that have potential in tourist attractions that cause tourists to spend more time in this region.This paper is about the geological properties and morphological situation of the Binaloud Mountains. The naloud Mountains with northwest - southeast trend is a place of collision of Iran and Turn tectonic plates.In this region, Mashhad granite pluton intruded in preexisting Paleozoic sedimentary metamorphic and ophiolitic rocks, Such as, limestone, sandstone, slate, phyllite, shist and ultranmafic,. .. rocks. The ophiolitic rocks remnant, which is seen in this area, belong to the paleotethys ocean in upper Paleozoic.This diversity in lithological units, paleoclimatic and many faults in the area make a new fantastic landscapes that has atracted many tourists of nature lovers.Fault valley, metamorphic facies and karstic phenomena, cave and natural falls and erosional morphology and many spring fault are the most important of geomorphotouristic landscapes in this area.

Gullyform or gully erosion, as a kind of water erosion which is seen in arid and semiarid areas of the world, land degradation and environmental resources and, increases runoff and flood waters. The most important problems about Gully Erosion is concerned with the definition of Gully, its differences with Rill and Stream erosion, the mechanism of its formation and the effective factors that is making it. The field observations reveal that many different places in Khorasan have this kind of erosion, but there is not complete information about the areas and their distribution. For getting practical and scientific methods for controlling Gully Erosion, we should find effective factors in its formation, development mechanisms and controlling factors of Gully Erosion. The results of this research reveal that the most areas of Gully Erosion is located in the north and central parts of Khorasan, with 47347/7 hector areas. By comparing Gully Erosion maps and geological maps, wean reveal that all Gullies are formed in formations such as marbles that are sensitive to erosion. These formations are usually fine particle and have high salinity. Conclusively, determination of Gully formation mechanism and its distribution is necessary for Gully Erosion controlling.

To know the geomorphologic features of karst is very important. This identification is not only important from the basic point of view, but also from the point of view of providing the necessary water for human beings. This research studies the karst geomorphology of Ferizi basin. This catchment is located in the north part of Binalood area which is a part of the basin of Kashafrood. The reason for choosing this topic is to identify karst figures, fountains and the categorization of this figures in the area. The method for doing this research is experimental and inductive and pictures and map have also been used. The results of the study show that the management for controlling water resources should be done.

Citizens, in interact with the community, learn thinking and negotiating power to protect their rights and teach others. Based on this principle, we have a strong need to communication and social interaction and neighborhood sites that prevent citizens from being so isolated.. The vital role of public spaces is the ability to facilitate human relationships with one another. In cities, Public spaces are to shape and define the concept of citizenship. In a sense, we can say that the motion in to cities is partly due to the existence of public spaces. This move is a kind of element of citizenship dynamic. In this condition, the citizens mind and think free, affected and can be tailored to interests they think and act. Unlike this case, without the spirit of the open public spaces, citizens are bored to a leisure brought within to house. In the absence of such a space in our cities that still the concept of citizenship for civil society remains as a vague concept and exotic. Because our people are not accustomed that to the absence of public spaces and to see freedom within their homes only. The result is Neutral and indifferent citizens who do not have any reaction to the fate of the city and its community. The arbanarea without enough public space, for children, adolescents and the youth in the neighborhood, should not be expected thto have, in future of citizens committed and caring and active people in the density of the city and the community.. Metodology in this research is descriptive - analytical and for mapping uses GIS software, data collection are conducted based on the field and library studies. The results of this research through a neighborhood of Tehran Gheitarieh case study outlining the desirable position of the neighborhood Janduse indicates that If we want to have healthy and lively cities, citizens should be and sensitive to themselves and community, planned with the voluntary participation of people and finally a strong civil society inevitably need to strengthen their public spaces in cities so that the citizens of the famous "Four optional wall" should be provided with the public spaces.

Living in a constantly changing world has caused new situations for the governments both in national and international fields. Governments have always been trying to provide a secure and fixed situation for their nations by thinking and management for their countries development and welfare. Shortage of available resources, misusing them (both renewable and nonrenewable) and environmental problems have caused more challenges between governments.Considering the changing process in global security, this search is going to express a new issue on it and revise it, along with its special features, and reminds us that in this new issue of security, the importance of environmental problems is so high that it has been the first priority in the global security issues and the world has been faced with the term 'environmental terrorists'. We also show some of the resource shortages leading to challenges, and finally, the Persian Gulf Second War case study in 1991 that caused irretrievable environmental consequences will be studied.

The 58th IAG was held from 3-6 July 2011 in the Department of Earth and Environmeutal Sciences, The University of Wollongong at beautiful city of Wollongong with "Geography on the edge" theme.Geographers and scholars from Australia, America, Europe, Africa and Asia presented their new research Findings in different Subjects based on more over 450 Papers.Living in the city, Advances in physical geography, River story, the Evolution of new regional economics in Australia, Natural disasters and Community awareness and preparedness, Development, divergence and oppositions, Rural Population, Changes and Challanging in the 21st Century had the maximum Number among all Papers Presented in this Conference. Also There were Plenary Sessions, Study groups, different exhibits (book, map, geographical laboratories equipments, different Ancient Photos from Shaping, Urbanization, Forming development of Australian Cities), Workshops, Field works Caused The enrichment Scientific importamce of the Conference.

Security analysis in urban environments is closely associated with urban spatial organization. The spatial organization has been a change during the historical growth of cities and has been imposed to different functions of public order and security in urban environments. The spatial expansion of cities into a centralized tissue or marginal has created different strategies in each grade, organization and order in respect to the public security. It is considerable to spatial planning of cities and new urbanism theory emphasizingon security patterns to improve environmental quality and reduce the likelihood of crimes. On this basis, at the present study the multi criteria evaluation of the urban spatial organization is done to rate the urban security in order to provide the priorities and needs of security classification. There are multiple spatial indexes with direct and indirect effects on patterns of urban security. In this study, were considered seven indicators named open spaces, lands differentiation, deteriorated fabric, building density, resident population density, employment population density, and activity centers based on urban municipality division units (Mashhad municipality zoning). These indices were calculated as the standard values then were given by the Analytical Hierarchy Process AHP to spatial ordering and sensitivity rating of security. Finally, the composition and spatial analysis of the results were done in GIS then the security classification and rating of Mashhad urban space were produced based on urban municipality zones in three levels of security sensitivity, high, medium and low. The results showed that: 1- Indices of deteriorated fabric, population density and open spaces had the highest weight in determining the sensitivity rating of Mashhad urban security between other indices. 2- The urban fabrics of the municipal districts Samen, 4 and 3 had the more security sensitivity, respectively which is justifiable due to fabric density and people migration as well as taking them close to the holy shrine of Imam Reza. 3- The urban fabrics of the municipal districts 7 and 9 had the less security sensitivity, respectively due to the, extensive areas of open spaces therefore it can be used as considered areas for passive defense programs. Finally, it is noted that the used methodology of research will givet more improved results according to statistical adjustment on small units of municipal divisions which can be noticed in future researches.