مجله پژوهش در علوم توانبخشی
سال نهم شماره 4 (مهر و آبان 1392)

The purpose of this research is to examine the influence of «speech therapy with cognitive behavior therapy» on reducing the severity of stuttering amongst stuttering patients of 18 years old and above in the city of Isfahan. The study used a quasi-experimental design with pretest - posttest control group. The sample group included 24 people suffering from stuttering who attended public speech therapy clinics of Isfahan. For the diagnosis and severity of stuttering، stuttering severity instrument (SSI4) was used. After doing the pre-test، subjects were placed into one experimental group of speech therapy with cognitive behavior therapy and one control group. Speech therapy for this research included ten 45-minutes sessions which was done for each individual subject and cognitive behavior therapy included ten 90-minutes group sessions. After finishing the therapy sessions، the post-test was done. In analyzing the data، Analysis of Covariance & Mann-Whitney U test were deployed. Data analysis showed that speech therapy with cognitive behavior therapy has a significant impact on reducing the severity of stuttering. speech therapy with cognitive behavior therapy is effective in reducing stuttering.

The proprioception is good protector of joints against movement injuries and saves joint stability and is their natural co-ordinator during movement. As the force sense reproduction is one of the common methods for evaluating the proprioception،its reliability must be evaluated. So the objective of this study is surveing the reliability of evaluating the force reproduction error of dominant and non dominant elbow extensor muscles in healthy young men. Methods & materials: in this study، 12 healthy young men between 18-30 years old which were selected by simple convenient non probability sampling from students of rehabilitation faculty of Shahid Beheshti university of medical sciences in 1391 were recruited. The intratester and intertester reliability was astudied. For analizing the sense of force reproduction error in elbow extensor muscles using forcemeter، we instructed the specified percent (30%) of maximal isometric contraction to the subjects and then asked them to reproduce the instructed force. After two minutes we asked the subjects to repeatedly reproduce the instructed force. The test was repeated 3 times in each order. The error of sense of force was computed using the difference of target force and reproducted force during three repetitions in first and second orders. The study was repeated randomly in dominat and non dominant limbs. Relative reliability (ICC)، absolute reliability (SEM) and comparing the measures of two repetitions by paired t-test used for studying the reliability. the amounts of ICC for constant error، absolute error and variable error in dominant (right) limb and non dominant (left) limb were from 0. 76 to 0. 94 which shows high reliability. The SEM measures were from 0. 004 to 0. 02. based on the results of this sudy، it was concluded that the method of evaluating the error of sense of force in both limbs of healthy young men has high reliability. So it can be used as a reliable method in evaluating the force reproduction error.

The purpose of this study was investigate the effect of Neoprene، lace-up and air cast ankle on postural control indexes of volleyball players with unstable ankle degree I and II. Subjects of this study were 15 volleyball players in the age range of 18-23 years who had at least 3 years’ experience of playing in different volleyball leagues and had unstable ankle degree I and II. During the study، for quantity of postural control indexes، four times (no brace، Neoprene ankle brace، lace-up ankle brace and air cast ankle brace) postural control test (single leg stability testing in difficult level of 12) was performed by Biodex Balance System. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and one-way repeated measures at the significance level of %95 or α ≤0/05. Data analyzing showed that overall index of postural control has significant decrease when applied either types of ankle braces. According to the obtained results، all three types of ankle braces could improve postural control. Neoprene ankle brace was more efficient than lace-up and Air cast ankle brace. Although lace-up brace was more efficient than air cast ankle brace، the difference was not significant. In athletes with unstable ankle، all three types of ankle brace can prevent ankle sprain via improving postural control index. And in volleyball players with unstable ankle degree I and II، Neoprene ankle brace was more efficient than other types of ankle braces.

Hearing impairment affects all aspect of individual life، especially auditory perception، while use of cochlear implant or hearing aids has been associated with appropriate effects in auditory performance. The aim of the present research was to comparing auditory perception in children with cochlear implant، hearing aids and normal hearing in Tehran province. In this analytic and comparative research، were participated 60 male children aged 5–7 years. They were divided into three groups and each group was consisted 20 children. First and second group were selected، ordinarily، from children with cochlear implant and hearing aids by in available method; while that third group were selected from children with normal hearing by randomly method. The instruments of this research were Raven intelligence test and Categories of Auditory Performance scale (CAP). The obtained data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Post-Hoc Scheffe in SPSS16 software. There was a significant difference between scores mean of auditory perception in three groups (F (2، 57) = 42. 99، P<0. 0005). The scores mean of auditory perception in normal hearing children was more than children into other groups، significantly (P<0. 0005). Also، scores mean of auditory perception in children with cochlear implant was more than children with hearing aids، significantly (P<0. 002). Auditory perception in children with normal hearing was better than children with cochlear implant or hearing aids. Since، use of cochlear implant and hearing aids led to improvement of auditory perception in deaf children. Therefore، require unique rehabilitation program in order to achieve more development auditory performance skill of children with cochlear implant or hearing aids.

Researchers make an effort to the assessment of injuries prevalence in different sports، to the find the cause of this injury and eventually to provide the appropriate prevention strategies. But yet have observed a lot of injures and remained unclear patterns of sport injury in athletes of different sports disciplines. This study has compared the incidence، type and severity of acute injury in professional and amateur freestyles’ wrestlers. The research subjects included twenty eight professional wrestlers that selected in the targeted method and twenty matched amateur wrestlers that chosen with the randomized method in Hamadan، Kermanshah، and Kurdistan cities. Data collection tool was a questionnaire that was developed by the researcher and was confirmed by sport medicine experts. All subjects signed the consent form before entering to study. The questionnaire was completed by the wrestlers to assess the incidence، mechanism، type and severity of acute injury in the professional and amateur freestyles’ wrestlers in past one year. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS software، version 16، and descriptive and inferential statistical methods of chi square test in the significant level of P< 0/05. The findings showed that there are significant differences only between the type of injury in the amateur and professional freestyles’ wrestlers (p=0/019)، severe injures proportion in both groups were the most and injury incidence during wrestle specific training was the most (amateur 70. 3% and professional wrestlers 64. 3%). The most common mechanism of injury was reported opponent''s error (30. 0%) for the professional wrestlers، lack of physical fitness (37/8%) and opponent''s error (31/1%) were reported for the amateur wrestlers. The head- face- neck، shoulder and knee injuries were the most susceptible areas in both groups. However، there was an assumption that professional and amateur wrestler، since of the different levels of physical fitness، equipment and experience in the amateur and professional levels، is different in the extent of the injury but not so. Therefore to have a definitive discretion، research on the broader level is needed.

The purpose of this study was to assess what caregivers know about special caring practices for cerebral palsied children aged between one and five years and to what extent they apply such knowledge in their daily contacts with such children.

To conduct this cross-sectional and descriptive-analytic study، a questionnaire was first designed and then validated through six phases. A sample of 70 caregivers in three rehabilitation centers of Tehran، Iran participated in the study. Descriptive statistics and Spearman''s correlation coefficient were calculated for statistical analysis of the data using SPSS software version 16.

61 participants (87. 1% of total respondents) self-rated their knowledge about special caring as low to moderate. Actual testing of participants’ knowledge about special caring practices showed that sixty-six of them (94. 3 %) had low to moderate knowledge in this regard. Based on their reports، 27. 1% of these participants had not had any training regarding special caring methods for above-mentioned children. They، as a whole، had not received any training for various aspects of such practices. Their educational history showed that the training had mostly focused on mobility (57. 1 %) with the least attention to toileting (20. 0%).

The majority of the participants had low to moderate levels of knowledge about how to take care of a child with cerebral palsy professionally. These results emphasized the need for revising training programs specific to professional caring methods. Moreover، caregivers should attend workshops and seek educational pamphlets to increase their knowledge about such methods. The workshops may focus on teaching toileting، mobility and carrying techniques.

Language development and social behavior are considered as crucial aspects of initial development in children. One of the most common behavioral problems in childhood is relational aggression that is defined as behaviors that harm others through damaging to social relationships. Relational aggression is related to the different factors such as language development، which has been examined among normal preschool children in the present study. In a descriptive cross-sectional survey، 106 children of 4 and 6 years old (42 girls and 64 boys) who satisfied the inclusion criteria were recruited from Shiraz kindergartens by multi-stage random selection method. The Test of Language Development-Primary: 3rd Edition (TOLD-3) and Relational Aggression Questionnaire for Preschool Children were used to assess children. Data was analyzed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient and independent t-test. Significance level was set at less than 0. 05. There was a positive and significant correlation between oral language development and relational aggression in the boys (p<0. 01). Although the girls’ scores of language development and relational aggression were significantly more than the boys (p<0. 01)، there was no significant correlation in the girls (p>0. 05). The better oral language skills among 4-to-6 year-old boys can be considered as a facilitative factor in expressing their relational aggressive behaviors.

Noise exposure is the most common cause of tinnitus. A comprehensive assessment of tinnitus and its impact on the quality of life cannot be achieved merely by evaluating the psychoacoustic characteristics of tinnitus. This study aimed at exploring the potential relationship between tinnitus psychoacoustic characteristics and the resulting handicap. In this descriptive - analytical study، 20 industrial workers suffering from hearing loss and tinnitus completed the Tinnitus Handicap Index questionnaire (THI) and then underwent psychoacoustic evaluations. The mean and standard deviation of THI was 53. 7±25. 8. The results indicated a positive significant correlation between the duration and loudness of tinnitus and THI scores (p-value 0. 05). No statistically significant correlations were observed between PTA، SDS and other psychoacoustic parameters and THI (p-value 0. 05). The psychoacoustic evaluations are not valid indicators of tinnitus impacts on patients’ quality of lives. Combined administration of psychoacoustic tests and questionnaires would provide a more comprehensive assessment of tinnitus.

Low self–esteem has a continuous relation with chronic psychiatric disorder. Occupational therapy increases self- esteem by performing purposive activities and profoundly believes in the relation of occupation and health. This research، examines the effect of day center of occupation therapy services on patients´ self–esteem and the length of duration of hospitalization in patients with chronic mental disorder

This research is quasi-experimental through which 20 patients with chronic mental disorder received the psychiatric services in day center of psychiatry hospital 505 as the experimental group and 20 patients with chronic psychiatric disorder who didn’t receive these services particpated as the control group. The Samples were selected via volunteer sampling. Occupational therapy intervention of day center was held 2 days a week each 5 hours for three months. The participants completed the Coppersmith''s Self-Esteem Scale to assess their self-esteem. The mean of hospitalization days was calculated for one year before and one year after intervention. Software SPSS 19 and Chi-Square and Variance analysis were used to analyze the data.

Scores of patients'' self-esteem significantly increased after occupational therapy intervention (P=0/04). Also، the length of hospitalization of patients decreased after intervention (P=0/03).

The use of occupational therapy services as day center can be effective for increasing self-esteem and decreasing term of hospitalization in patients with chronic mental disorder.

Core stability is the ability to control the position and motion of the trunk over the pelvis and legs to allow optimum production and transfer of force to the terminal segment in sporting activities. The role of core stability in lower extremity performance has been evaluated in some studies. However، results of such studies contradict each other. In this respect، it has been shown that studying the effect of core muscle fatigue on lower extremity performance can provide useful information about the role of core stability in lower extremity performance. Therefore، the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of core muscle fatigue on measurements of lower extremity functional performance in male athletes. Thirty-four healthy male Physical Education and Sport Sciences students did the lower extremity functional performance tests including Y balance، side-to-side hop، figure-eight hop and triple hop in non-fatigued condition during one session. In the second session، at first، athletes participated in the core fatigue protocol consisting of seven exercises and immediately did the lower extremity functional performance tests. Paired t-test was used to compare the results of the lower extremity functional performance tests before and after core fatigue. Core fatigue protocol caused significant reduction in the scores of all lower extremity functional performance tests including Y balance، side-to-side hop، figure-eight hop and triple hop (p = 0. 001 for all tests). From this study’s result، it can be concluded that core muscle function affects lower extremity performance، as core muscle fatigue resulted in decreased scores in all lower extremity functional performance tests in this study. Given the possibility that core muscles may become fatigued during long sporting events، training programs which increase core muscle endurance and improve their ability to resist fatigue، could probably be suggested as a way to prevent reduction of lower extremity performance during prolonged sporting activities.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Beckman oral stimulation program on the time to achieve independent oral feeding in preterm infants. In this randomized clinical trial study، 21 preterm infants، whose gestational ages ranged from 26 to 32 weeks and were hospitalized in Kamali Hospital NICU (Karaj- Iran)، were chosen according to inclusionary and exclusionary criteria. They were randomly assigned either to a control group or Beckman prefeeding oral stimulation program. Considering the high importance of continued practice in this prefeeding oral stimulation program، the researcher individually implemented this program for each infant allocated to the experimental group for 10 successive days. The subjects in experimental and control groups were compared on these variables: 1- chronological and gestational age at various oral feeding times and at discharge from NICU; 2- weight gained during the first and the second postnatal weeks; and 3- the discharge time from NICU. Average chronological age at 8 oral feeding times was 18. 2 ± 9. 1 days (mean ± SD) in Beckman group and 24. 27 ± 10. 42 days in control group. Therefore، the subjects in experimental group reached to the criteria 6. 07 days sooner than the other group. The difference can be considered as a clinically important achievement. The mean chronological age at discharge time from hospital in Beckman group and control groups were 27. 6 ± 12. 57 and 33. 45 ± 13. 46 days respectively. That is، the experimental group discharged 5. 85 days sooner from hospital، which is a clinically important benefit. The results of this pilot study implicate the need for more investigation on the efficacy of Beckman prefeeding oral stimulation program. Meanwhile، the program seems to increase oral feeding skills and decrease the length of hospitalization in NICU.

Nowadays، the advanced technology of designing electronic circuits in very small size and with very low power consumption has led to development of wearable and implantable medical devices. However، the electronic circuits need power supply that is usually provided by relatively large and heavy batteries. The discharged batteries have to replaced or recharged for long time operation of electronic circuits. A new promising approach to overcome these limitations is harvesting the required power from the human body itself. In this paper، a harvesting system which implements a high performance piezoelectric transducer in the shoe was developed and evaluated for supplying the power required by a basic electronic circuit as a model of a wearable medical device. The developed system was able to harvest 0. 8mw of steady power with the use of only one piezoelectric transducer. The power was used to supply a basic micro-controller based electronic system steadily without the need for any batteries. The results demonstrate that low power monitoring or rehabilitation instruments may be supplied without batteries by harvesting the available energy in the walking process.

Identifying factors which cause the high incidence of ACL is of great importance. The anterior shear forces are the primary mechanism of load sustained on the ACL. During exercise، the activity of muscles and position of lower limbs may increase or decrease the anterior shear force. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the activity level of some lower extremity muscles and anterior shear force during single-leg jump landing. Twenty male-students of physical education participated in this study. EMG activity of the muscles of the gluteus medius، tibialis anterior and hamstring were evaluated via Electromyography system and ground reaction force was evaluated via force plate system in jump-landing task. There was used Pearson correlation test. The results indicated no significant correlation between tibialis anterior and gluteus medius muscles activity with shear force، while there was found correlation between lateral hamstring muscle activity and anterior shear force (P< 0. 05). The findings of this study showed that hamstring muscle activity during single-leg jump landing acts as a supporting muscle of ACL. This increased muscle activity leads to the reduction of the load on the ACL.

Some researcher suggest that stuttering is a temporal disruption of the simultaneous and successive programming of muscular movements required to produce a speech sound and they say speech motor in stutterers associated with reduced timing variable rather than non stutterers such as reaction time. Reaction time is a standard criterion that can show nature of differences of phonation between stutterers and non-stutterers. The aim of this study is determination and comparison of reaction time of phonation in stutterers and non-stutterers. this was descriptive- analytic study and selected 22 stutterers and 22 no stutterers from 10-30 years old and request them when heard stimulation as quickly as possible in response then recorded both of stimulation and answers by Praat software and measured interval between them. result of this study show mean of reaction time in stutterers is more than no stutterers and this difference is more significant in 20-30 years old. But differences in two group of age do not significant. to consider، there is problem in voice onset in stutterers so this problem can be result from slower VRT could result problem such as struggle، avoiding and anticipatory behaviors، disorder in neuro-motor factors، timing force that stutterers feel in this task that this problem specially in adult stutteres are more than children because they have more experience in stuttering.

conductive hearing loss attenuates and delays sound transmission in the middle ear. It can make variety of central auditory processing disorders; that persists even after resolve of peripheral auditory system problems. One of the aspects of central auditory processing is the temporal processing، which is important for understanding speech، including temporal resolution، temporal ordering، temporal integration and temporal masking. In this study to assess effects of conductive hearing loss on the ability temporal resolution، the gap in noise test is used. This noninvasive analytic-prescriptive study was conducted on 13 persons with bilateral slight to moderate conductive hearing loss and 13 persons with normal hearing between 20-50 years old in similar age and sex condition. Approximate threshold and percent of correct answers in GIN test obtained، then analyzed with nonparametric mann-whitney، Wilcoxon tests and between two groups were compared. There was no meaningful difference in approximate threshold and percent of correct answers between two gender and test ear in each group (p>0. 05). While mean approximate threshold of people with conductive hearing loss was significantly (P=0. 003) more than that of the normal group and mean percent of correct answers was less than normal group (right ear P=0. 000، left ear P=0. 000). The conductive hearing loss with increase in approximate threshold and decrease in percent of correct answers has effect on the part of central auditory pathway and reduces ability of temporal resolution.

Job satisfaction considered as an important factor in increasing productivity، Workers belonging and attachment to the work environment and improving the quantity and quality of work. Therefore this factor is important in various careers.

This is a descriptive-analytic study. It was done between Occupational therapists and speech therapists in the Karaj. In each group 16 individuals were randomly collected demographic and job satisfaction (JDI) questionnaires completed. Reliability and validity of questionnaire was approved by similar internal articles. Data analyzing has done by nonparametric tests and SPSS software.

Scores for job satisfaction in occupational therapists (76/0 ± 31/3) were higher than the speech therapists (45/0 ± 80/2. In Speech therapists group between job satisfaction with supervision، salary and promotion was a significant correlation. In occupational therapist be found a significant relationship between job satisfaction with nature of job، salary، promotion and colleagues.

Scores in both groups indicates that corrective actions are necessary. Actions for increase job security، improved ergonomics، workplace conditions، career development and job enrichment can help to increase job satisfaction in these two groups.

Neuro-occupation is one of the newest models in Occupational Therapy (OT). The nature of this model is based on the coexistence and dynamic interactions between brain’s neural system functions and engagement of an individual in occupations. Neuro-occupation model holistically views the individual as a blending of neuroscience and occupation. The human brain is perceived to be self-organized، complex and adaptive system، which in order to achieve the ideal performance، must be in connection with the environment through occupations carried out by the individual. This paper introduces concepts and principles of the model in detail. Applying principles of this model، the behavior of a client with depression and diabetes was reviewed to demonstrate how this model guides thinking about the client differently when compared to other OT models. Since the studies pertaining to the model are in preliminary and basic stages and no experimental or observational studies have been made in this area by then، therefore،

the method used in this article was narrative review، by which the Neuro-occupational model in OT was introduced.

The structure of Neuro-occupation model is based on the close relationship between neurological processes and occupation. The three stages of the model، ‘Intention، Meaning and Perception’، show how the function of the brain’s neural system، through finding the meaning while participating in purposeful occupations، regulates emergence as new adaptive behaviors thereby enabling the individual to cope with life’s challenges.

This model is applicable to a wide range of clients with diverse diagnoses. Therefore، with regards to the self-organization phenomena within the brain’s neural system functions، clients can be expected to pass through the distinct stages of Intention، Meaning and Perception. Keywords:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of client–centered model in form of Canadian Process Performance Framework in client with schizoaffective diagnosis، in order to demonstrate its application in occupational base practice. In this case-study، a 38 schizoaffective woman was studied، while some measures: Canadian Occupational Therapy Measurement، Beck Depression Inventory II and Lowenstein cognitive assessment were used to evaluate the different performances of client. In all evaluation، 21 sessions intervention and goal planning process، client had active participation and occupational therapist try to respect her values and interests accordingly. Results demonstrate that the amount of performance and satisfaction were increased، according to COPM (5/3،5/7) and the intensity rate of depression was decreased from sever to moderate ones (50 to 20). The results confirm that this approach is useful to improve Social Skill and Activity Daily Living in Schizophrenic Patients.