نشریه توسعه محلی (روستایی - شهری)
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 8، بهار و تابستان 1392)

With further development، we are still seeing widespread poverty as capability deprivation. Reason of poverty as capability deprivation is lack of empowerment in Society. In the present study، Native Understanding of social and economic empowerment، factors affecting the growth of it and barriers by qualitative method has been examined. Study participants are women and girls of village Chokochephesht in Rezvanshahr in Gilan. The semi-structured interviews، focus group discussions، participatory and direct observation to collect data and method of the qualitative content analysis and grounded theory was used to analyze the data. from the localized and native point of view، the most important component of social empowerment of women is marriage and the most important component of economic empowerment is their job. Some of factors affecting the growth of empowerment are as follow: Several relatives living together، the ties of kinship، social capital، cooperation، social solidarity، support another، access to some facilities، incentive for hard working. The illiteracy، early marriage، single women، failed marriage، live in extended family، gossip، financial weakness، attitude toward the location of work place، lack of marketing facilities، weakness of informational capital، Inappropriate status of supporter، discrimination and continuation of restrictive informal norms lead to weakness of social and economic empowerment of rural women and girls. Ignoring the ongoing problems، lack of attempt for changes because of facing disagreement of others، following the habit of ancients، acceptance of current situation and insufficient attempt to improve their empowerment are the ongoing strategies dominant in the situation. Each of these strategies will have its consequences that includes: violation of basics rights، the loss of opportunity، lack of bargaining power، unemployment، being exposed to abuse، being subjected to physical and verbal violence، deception، shame، ridicule، humiliation and insult by the others، degradation of self-esteem، weakness of confidence، income poverty، poverty as capability deprivation، depression، pain، illness، lack of peace، self- blame، blaming others، Sense of swindle، continuation of restrictive informal norms and face of leading people with resistance from others. Based on the findings، the impact of opportunity structure particularly the informal institutions on empowerment is crucial. Many obstacles to growth of Empowerment of rural women and girls present which are the roots of all these barriers weakness of knowledge (in the micro and macro levels of society).

This research try to recognize different factors that have changed rural families. For reaching to this goal is selected Hesarkhorvan village of Ghazvin province as a field of research. Regard to title، is used qualitative method (Life History)، because this method emphasizes to behavior of participations in the field، for collecting data، is used of different techniques: observation، paiticipatinal observation، group interview and deep interview to gather useful information about the life history of the participations (2 families and 97 people in 3 generations). Because of importance of land reforming in changing، the basis of selecting 2 families was working in Boneh. Observation and life history about participations showed that huge changing has took place in Hesarkhorvan village. Political factor is the most important factors that has supported by other factors (economical، social، cultural) in crucial time and has generated huge changing in different generations.

The aim of this essay is assessment of the MS and PhD thesis of the rural planning، rural development and rural extension and development field’s that، have been performed for over a decade (2000-2011) in geography، agriculture and social sciences faculty in the university of Tehran. Methods such as documentary data and library studies have been used. 289 thesis have been studied in this research. Variables such as gender of students، field of study، number of thesis، year of graduation، methods of research، and distribution of provinces which are studied in this thesis، have been analyzed. This study was conducted in a qualitative manner and for data analysis، content analysis has been used. In the next step، the subject of the thesis is classified under 24 Codes. The result shows that the most diversity of the subject is in the faculty of geography and the lowest is in the faculty of social sciences. The most studies have been carried out in the villages of Tehran province and the lowest is done in the villages of the province of Sistan and Baluchestan and Hormozgan. Issues such as deprived villages، tribal communities، rural youth، historical studies، political studies، family changes، rural cooperation and rural planning have been low.

The livability is a new concept in rural planning to be taken into consideration after attention to the quality of rural life. Livability theory first formed based on the work of Abraham Maslow’s theory on human needs. The theory in the quality of life issues generally have been developed by Veenhoven believes the “Common Sense«results better life for people when they live in a better and more livable community. In peri-urban villages due to its special status، quality of life and environmental conditions have been challenging more than other villages. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that affect the livability of peri-urban villages. Assessing the livability of these rural areas due to the unique characteristics such as proximity to the city، immigration، quick land changes، and the outbreak of infection is so important. The research methodology، from the data collection viewpoint is survey and attributive، and the approach is descriptive - analytic. The results show that the unique features of the villages forming the specific patterns of livability and makes the whole livability of the village in a no acceptable condition. It is in contrast to the common view of the opposite effect of distance on quality of life in rural areas and is in line with the views of urban planners about quality of life in urban fringe areas.

Nowadays، one of the most important indicators of the progress of a community is «quality of life». Also the main trends in migration in Iran is seasonal migration of rural youth to the major cities، especially to Tehran. The main objective of this research is evaluate، describe، interpret and gaining a deeper knowledge about the quality of life of young rural seasonal migrants of the Kaleybar to Tehran. Therefore، this study uses in-depth interviews with 25 participants through purposive sampling techniques among 29-15 aged young men were selected and interviewed. The major findings of this study show that from the perspective of the majority of rural seasonal migrants، a higher good or bad quality of life is primarily dependent on economic issues. Therefore، many young rural seasonal migrants in this study to escape poverty and to achieve a better life and a better quality of life start their seasonal migration.

This research is a comparative study on the effects of social risk and social vitality of rural and urban women Stagecoach has. The study population included 700 women (49-15 years old) 8 and 6 rural villages Joshagh Stagecoach city area has been scanned using the techniques and questionnaire data were collected. Results of the study show that patients and family background variables had different vitality. Of social risks، actions and thoughts of suicide، divorce and domestic violence but had no effect on women''s social vitality of rural women''s social vitality has been effective in reducing delayed marriage.

Project or program Success are depends on research appropriate with attitudes beliefs of the villagers and participation them in progress of plan. Also the purpose of the present essay is to find and analyzing the effective factors that on the willingness of the farmers to participation in land consolidation positive or negative impact will. In realization or non-realization this project important factors including sociological economical cultural technical and executive factors are effective. So can say that the land consolidation rather than be a technical، physically and even economical work، are a cultural، social and even psychological. In this paper، using the theories of modernization school (Rogers، Lerner)، social psychology (Seaman and Levine) and Participatory Development (Samuel Mushi) and using quantitative approach we try to achieve the research objectives. The statistical population study included three villages of Boukan that land consolidation projects have been implemented. Of the 241 operations، 120 were selected using random sampling And through questionnaires and personal interviews data collected and by software package SPSS with the use methods of descriptive and inferential statistics proportional with measurements of variables The data have been analyzed. Inferentially findings of research showed that age، education level، modernism، futurism significant variables and positively influence and social alienation in three means of powerlessness، isolation and dissatisfaction it acts as a barrier to participation.

The present study examines the tendency of seasonal migrant workers to high risk behavior in Tehran. Theoretical framework combines theories of social strain، social deterrence and urban ecology. The study of population included all seasonal migrant workers in Tehran city. Non probability sampling quota is used; the sample size is 381 workers. The research method is quantitative methods (survey). Descriptive findings show that more than half of seasonal migrant workers are from rural origins. The findings ante that a feeling of self-alienation with correlation coefficient of 0/593 has the strongest relationship among these variables. Structural equation modeling show that three variables of social deterrence theory، social strain and negative impacts of urbanization explain about 82% of variation of the dependent variables.