فصلنامه مطالعات روان شناسی ورزشی
پیاپی 2 (زمستان 1391)

Social Environment، like class or sport team، determines the motivational climate that we perceive. Moreover، researchers reported that athletes of sport teams differ at psychological factors which could be related to teams’ motivational climate. So far، few studies have considered this issue in elite athletes. Thus، this study aimed to study perceived motivational climate and its relationship with anxiety and self-esteem in elite and non-elite athletes of team sports. Participants of this study were 116 male athletes at range of 18 to 29 years (Mean=24+3/7)، who were taking part in either elite or non-elite levels (55 elite and 61 non-elite). The instruments used were PMCSQ-2 to evaluate motivational climate، SAS to assess anxiety، and SEI to measure self-esteem in athletes. Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used to study the normality of data. Descriptive statistics methods were used to report scores of athletes، one-way analysis of variances to discover the difference between two groups and also pierson correlation test to study the relation between anxiety and self-esteem with perceived motivational climate. Results showed that perceived motivational climate was more task-oriented in elite athletes than their non-elite counterparts. But there was no significant relation between two groups in self-esteem and concentration disruption. At task-oriented dimension، elite athletes had higher scores in cooperative learning and important role rather than their non-elite peers. Evaluating the correlations showed that there are significant reverse correlations between: task-oriented climate and self-oriented climate، somatic anxiety and task-oriented climate، worry and task-oriented climate، concentration disruption and task-oriented climate، somatic anxiety and self-esteem، and worry and self-esteem (P<0/05). Based on findings of this study and similar researches it seems that performance of athletes is affected vividly by psychological characteristics. Mental factors can differentiate elites from non-elites. High levels of mental readiness cause increasing the success rate of athletes and promoting their competence، which causes higher motivation، self-confidence، self-esteem and finally promoting athletic performance. It is suggested to coaches that increase motivation in athletes by providing fine training، encouragement، rewards and well-organized feedback، as well as using strategies for increasing the self-esteem and decreasing anxiety.

Mental Imagery is mental skills that athletes in sport psychologists recommend. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of cognitive and motivational imagery on learning the basic skills of basketball. 51 beginner student volunteers were randomly divided into three groups: 1) physical training (21 patients)، 2) physical training with cognitive imagery (19)، and 3) physical training with emotional imagery (19 people). Each group rehearsed seven weeks، two sessions per week of physical training، cognitive and motivational imagery. Before and after the intervention، participants took part in similar circumstances test shoot، pass and dribble the basketball. Results were analyzed using repeated measures at a significance level of P<0/05. The scores of the within groups showed that 14 session training a significant improved on performance in basic basketball skills (P<0/05). In throwing the ball، physical training combined with cognitive and motivational imagery groups had significantly improved (P<0/05). In passing، two groups physical training with cognitive and motivational imagery experienced greater improvements. Variance between groups was significant only at dribbling skills (P<0/05)، such that the motivational imagery combined with physical training group was better than physical training. As respects، the mental imagery improves athletic performance; Emotional imagery is more effective in motivational and cognitive task’s performance.

The purpose of current study was a survey on influence of Iranian professional soccer players ideology on their ethical decision-making. For this purpose، Ethical Position in Professional Soccer Questionnaire (EPPSQ) with 15 questions and Dilemmas in Professional Soccer Questionnaire (DPSQ) with 28 questions developed by Shajie et al. (2013) were employed and randomly administered to 162 Iranian premier league soccer players from Rahahan، Naft Tehran، Shahid Sepasi، Foolad Khoozestan، Shahin Booshehr، Sepahan Esfahan، Malavan Anzali، Naft Abadan، Peykan Tehran، Pas Hamedan، Alominium Hormozgan teams. The content validity of instrument was confirmed by experts and the internal consistency of the DPSQ and EPPSQ proved in a pilot study. The data were analyzed by employing ANOVA and Path analysis tests. Results showed that ethical ideology has significant influence on ethical decision-making variance of players and idealism subscale plays a significant role in this matter. Therefore، the roles of coaches and soccer club managers are very important and improvement of attitude and ethical knowledge within players may solve the ethical problems of Iranian soccer for ever and basically، also without legal pressures.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of gender and competitive level on athletes'' burnout in individual sports. To this aim، in a causal-comparative study، 185 ath-letes from Track and Field، Shooting، Wushu، Karate، and Taekwondo (age: 25. 19±4. 78 yrs، competitive experience: 8. 24±6. 07 yrs، gen-der: 96 male and 89 female، competitive level: 98 national and 87 international) who participated in national championships or Asian Games preparation camps in 2010 were selected using random cluster sampling method and completed individual information form and Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance، one-way analysis of variance and LSD tests at the 95% confidence level. Results showed that burnout of females is higher than males in all dimension (p<0. 01). Athletes who compete in national championships had higher reduced sense of accomplishment and devaluation than athletes who compete in international championships (p<0. 01)، but in dimension of physical/emotional exhaustion، the results was inverse (p=0. 009). Multiple comparisons for interaction effect of gender and competitive level showed that females who compete in national championships have the highest level of burnout in reduced sense of accomplishment and devaluation dimensions and females who compete in international level have the highest level of burnout in physical/emotional exhaustion dimension (p<0. 05). Findings of the study suggest that female athletes، especially in low competitive level، are in exposure of greater risk of reduced sense of accomplishment and devaluation، while in high competitive level may be more vulnerable for experiencing physical/emotional exhaustion.

Achieving the optimal performance by athletes is due to the combinations of physical and mental preparation. The purposes of present study were to examine the relationships between mental toughness and physical fitness and to determine the predictors of mental toughness in female students. For this reason، 85 female students (20. 14±2. 52 years) completed Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ) (Sheard، Golby، Van Wersch، 2009) to assess confidence، consistency and control subscales. In order to measure physical factors، Sit-up، Pull-up، Sargent، Sit and Reach، 4×9 shuttle run and 1 mile running tests were conducted. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated that there were no statistically significant differences among confidence، consistency and control subscales (P>0. 05). Also، the results of Pearson correlation test revealed that there were significant correlations between confidence subscale and Shoulder girdle muscles، leg muscles power، aerobic endurance، total physical fitness and between aerobic endurance and control subscale (P≤0. 05) but no significant correlation were found among total mental toughness score and physical fitness factors (P>0. 05). Finally، the results of multiple linear regression analysis in determining criterion variables (mental toughness subscales) by predictive variables (physical fitness factors) revealed that confidence and control subscales were predicted via aerobic endurance while any physical fitness factors were not entered in regression equation of stability variable. These findings suggest that combination of physical and psychological properties caused reaching peak performance in athletes.

The purpose of this research was study the relationship between authoritarian and libertarian leadership styles with their athlete’s satisfaction. From 192 Iranian volleyball players participating in Iran men volleyball super league selected 93 players by cluster sampling as sample. In this research used from athletes satisfaction questionnaire of Riemer and Chelladurai (1998) and made-researcher questionnaire of coaching style. The validity of coaching style questionnaire measured by 9 experts and in pilot study، questionnaires reliability of athletes satisfaction and coaching style measured 0. 89 and 0. 75 respectively. In order to evaluate and compare the descriptive data used from descriptive and inferential statistical (Pearson coefficient correlation) in SPSS software and significant level p≤0/05. Results showed that there is significantly relationship between authoritarian coaching style and satisfaction from coach education and training method (r=0. 41، p=0. 001)، team performance (r=0. 25، p=0. 018) and individual performance (r=0. 28، p=0. 008)، but there is not significantly relationship between authoritarian coaching style and satisfaction from coach behavior. At against، there is not significantly relationship between libertarian and satisfaction from coach education and training method، team performance and individual performance، but there is significantly relationship between libertarian coaching style and satisfaction from coach behavior (r=0. 46، p=0. 001).

The present study، investigated the effect of arousal (Skin Conductance Level، SCL) and vigilance (Heart Rate، HR) on novice and advanced performance in a laboratory continuous performance task and presented patterns for physiological changes related to these types of performances. Twenty subjects participated in the acquisition phase consisting of ten sessions of thirty- second attempts. Retention test was given to them after 48hours. The instruments of research was ProComp Infinity، rotary pursuit 30014A، Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI Form Y-2) and The Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS). The mean SCL and HR during 10 seconds preceding، 30 seconds throughout، and 10 seconds following performance were recorded in The second session (novice performance) and retention test (advanced performance) and then analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. The results indicated that arousal increased gradually during the first four seconds of advanced performance، then continuously decreased gradually; this was true for the novice performance، except the level of SCL and the linear decrease was higher. Two seconds following advanced performance، there was a significant compensatory increase in this pattern; however did not reach the baseline level. This was not evident in novice performance. Neither HR showed a systematic pattern of variations during performance، nor reflected vigilance alleged characteristics. Results are discussed in relation to psycho physiological theories explaining performance.

The purpose of this study was to determine The Relationship between Self-efficacy and Emotional Intelligence with Performance in Goalball Men''s of premiership. The participants were 32 male (mean age= 26. 09) Goalball athletes voluntary participated in premiership of Goalball. Measurement tools were Sharer''s self-efficacy questionnaire، Siberia Shirring Emotional Intelligence questionnaire and sheet of secretary for registration of performance. Researcher read sporadic questions for every subject and wrote their answer. Statistical method was Spearman’s correlation coefficient. The results indicated that there isn’t significant relation between self-efficacy، emotional intelligence، and Emotional intelligence states (p>0/05). There is significant relation between Self-knowledge and Goal (p=0/012) and individual error (p=0/040). Therefore the self-knowledge was only state that has significant relation with performance. These findings refer this matter that Self-knowledge is an important component of EQ and necessary to attend it.