فصلنامه مطالعات روان شناسی ورزشی
پیاپی 3 (بهار 1392)

The goal of the present study is to investigate the role of hope in interacting with gender in the Mohaghegh Ardebili university athlete students Self-Efficacy. Statistical population includes all athlete students، male and female، who enrolled in Mohaghegh Ardebili university in the first semester of the academic year1389-90. Using random sampling، 120 boysand120 girls were considered from the Of the Statistical population. Statistical sample size was calculated using the formula Cochrane. The research Data was collected in a field setting by the use of adults ​​Hope scale Snyder and colleagues and Self-efficacy questionnaire Mark Sherer and James Maddox. Data was evaluated using two-factor analysis of variance. The results of the research showed that the male athlete Students had more Self-Efficacy than female athlete students. In the athlete students Self-Efficacy with different levels of Hope there is difference، and Hope interacting with gender affects Self-Efficacy.

Biorhythms are inherent cycles which regulate memory، coordination endurance، temperature، emotions، and much more، we each have three fundamental Biorhythms cycles. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between Biorhythm and Sport Performance among Hamadanain athletes participating in individual sport fields brought in Biorhythm Theory The type of research method employed in this study was the descriptive-correlated one and 216 subjects were selected as the statistical sample. At this point، the measurement tool consists of Biorhythm software and sport performance questioners Charbonneau. In order for analysis the data، in addition to the indexes of descriptive inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation coefficient، chi-square، independent T-test، One- Way Variance Analysis was also employed. The findings showed that there is a significant relationship among athletes'' performance Intellectual cycles. The results of chi- square showed a significant difference among the results of match and situations of Emotional and Intellectual cycles. There was not a significant difference between the average of emotional energy and the results of match. The result of one-way ANOVA revealed a significant relationship among different statuses of Intellectual and Emotional cycles and athletes'' performance. In general، the different situations of Emotional and Intellectual cycles existing in Biorhythm theory can enhance the sport Performance. So، regarding the different situations of Emotional and Intellectual cycles can help the trainers make better plan to exercise for participating and selecting athletes in sensitive matches.

Hypertension is a common disease and asymptomatic، if untreated، leads to fatal complications. Because long-term treatment، most patient after while they stop taking their medication and prefer the use of non-pharmacological methods for their treatment. This study investigated the effect of walking، relaxation and their combination on blood pressure in patients with hypertension. In this study، 30 male patients with hypertension، age range 45 to 65 years، were randomly divided into three groups of 10. The first group received a daily 30 minute walk، the second group received a daily 30-minute relaxation and the third group received 15 minutes of relaxation and a 15 minute walk. During the training period was two weeks. Blood pressure before and after seeking the independent variables were measured by standard mercury barometer. Data were analyzed by paired samples t-test and one-way ANOVA at a significance level of p<0. 05. Based on the results، walking significantly reduced systolic blood pressure but had no effect on diastolic pressure. Relaxation had a significant effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The compound had no effect on systolic blood pressure، but diastolic blood pressure was significantly reduced. There was no significant difference among the three training programs for influencing systolic and diastolic blood pressure in subjects. The results showed that 30 minutes of relaxation exercise so walking reduced blood pressure in patients with hypertension. The finding emphasize the important role of relaxation techniques in reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressure and use of this technique as a complementary treatment for patients with hypertension and no complications are recommended.

The purpose of this study was the relationship between mental toughness and psychological strategies in male student athletes who competed at district 2 championship. The method of current research was descriptive-correlation. One hundred male (mean age 22. 5 years، s=3. 7) athletes in variety of sports، voluntary participated in the study. Participants completed the MTQ48 of Clough et al to measure mental toughness، and the Test of Performance Strategies of Thomas et al to measure the use of psychological strategies in practice and competition. The data analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple regression methods. Analyses run by version 16 SPSS software. The findings revealed mental toughness positively and significantly related to activation، relaxation، self-talk and autonomy in practice and also related to activation، relaxation، imagination and attention control in competition. The results of multiple regression revealed mental toughness significantly predicted psychological strategies at both practice and competition and it was found that of the MTQ48 subscales، commitment was the most strength and affective factor at both practice and competition. Thus it is possible that the result of this study reflect highly committed performers were to intend to use mental skills to success acquisition at their activities.

The present study examined relationship between coach''s leadership styles and athletic identity in player of boy students selected teams in Urmia city. 75 students of high school cutting completed two instruments in this study; Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS، Chelladurai & Saleh) and athletic identity measuring scale (AIMS، Cieslak). The LSS contains 40 items that measures five dimensions of leadership styles- training and instruction، democratic behavior، autocratic behavior، social support and positive feedback. AIMS with 22 items assess the 5 dimensions of athletic identity. Social identity، exclusivity، self identity، negative identity and positive identity were dimensions of athletic identity. Cronbach''s alpha coefficient was utilized to examine the internal reliability of LSS and AIMS. Data were analyzed with one-sample kolmogrov-smirnov، and Pearson Correlation coefficient. Examining of coach''s leadership styles indicated that coaches exhibited higher in training and instruction and lower in democratic style among student teams. We found that leadership styles of social support، training and instruction، and positive feedback، were all positively correlated all dimensions of athletic identity but autocratic style didn’t correlate to dimensions of athletic identity. The result from this study and previous studies show that coach''s leadership styles and behaviors have a great effect on athletic identity and demonstrated the value role a coach plays in the development of players identity for his team that can increase athletes’ performance.

This paper examines the effects of aerobic exercise (aerobics) to reduce negative mood (anxiety and depression) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome deals. 146 Female patient were referred to the Payambaran hospital gastrointestinal clinic in Tehran، where had received IBS diagnosis، selected samples were screened with Goldberg questionnaire، 30 people who had scores equal to or more than 23 were randomly placed in two groups، control and experimental groups. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired t-test was performed. There was no significant difference between the groups of the independent variable، but the exercise of independent variables (aerobic exercise) to 9 weeks (3 sessions per week)، the somatic symptoms، anxiety، and depression to experimental subjects significantly declined. Consequently، the role of aerobic exercise in reducing anxiety and depression in patients with irritable bowel syndrome is.

This research utilized reversal theory to examine sport preferences in explosive and endurance sports. For this purpose، The Telic Dominance Scale distributed between 166 athletes in endurance (cycling، rowing، swimming and endurance track and field) and explosive (basketball and gymnastic) fields. After checking the date’s normality using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test، dates analyzed with independent t-test statistical methods. The results indicated that there were significant difference among endurance and explosive sports in arousal-avoidance (t=16. 11) and serious-mindedness (t=9. 66). The study findings indicated that individuals’ selection for participation in explosive sports associated with paratelic lifestyle while individuals’ selection for participation in endurance sports associated with telic lifestyle. The study completely confirmed the reversal theory postulation.

The main purpose of this study is the comparison of self-monitoring and sensation seeking personality characteristics in elite and non-elite athletes. Participants were 127 semnan province athletes (16-30 year old women athletes) who were members of the national and the club teams، including 62 elite athletes from the national teams and super leagues and 65 non-elite athletes from the second divisions were voluntarily chosen. This study is an ex post facto research with casual comparative and correlation descriptive research. The data collection tools were included personal information questionnaires، Snider’s self-monitoring and Arent’s sensation seeking questionnaire. Using descriptive statics، the researcher summarized the questionnaire information then using deductive statistics like one- way variance analysis، Tukey post-hoc test، T-independent test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient (significance level p<0. 05)، the data were analyzed. Results showed a positive effect between self-monitoring and sensation seeking personality characteristics in elite and non-elite athletes (p<0. 001)، while no difference was found between self-monitoring and sensation seeking personality characteristics in elite athletes. In contrast، there was a significant correlation between self-monitoring and sensation seeking personality characteristics in non-elite athletes. Results also showed a significant difference in self-monitioring between elite and non-elite athletes (p<0. 01) which means the self- monitoring in elite athletes is more than non elite athletes. Finally، the investigation reports significant relation between sensation seeking personality characteristics in elite and non-elite athletes and sensation seeking of elite athletes was more than non-elite ones.

The aim of this study was to determine effect of anxiety in predictable and unpredictable situation on balance control of athletes and non-athletes. 48 subjects (24 athletes، 24 non-athlete، age average= 22. 27 year) were standing upright on a force plate. Predictable and unpredictable sounds (80 dB SPL1) were delivered in order to induce predictable and unpredictable anxiety. The level of anxiety was measured with skin conductance level. Balance، area sway and Standard deviation of Mean COP (StdMcop) were calculated in the medio-lateral and anterio-posterior axes and were analyzed using two-way repeated ANOVAs. The results show increasing significance level in area sway in effect every two predictable and unpredictable anxiety in non athletes group. According to results anxiety affect on body sways and this effect is the more on non-athletes group.

Perfectionism، as a personality characteristic، is considered as an enduring tendency to set exceedingly high standards and struggle to realize them. The purpose of this study was to determine validity and reliability of the Persian version of Dun and colleagues sport perfectionism-2، respectively. In this regard and to confirm the construct validity of the questionnaire، 420 male and female athletes with different skill levels (novice، non-elite and elite) in 10 team and individual sports، selected by random sampling and then completed the questionnaire. For this purpose، the first using a translation - back translation method، content and face validity of Persian version of questionnaire were confirmed by 3 sport psychologists and 3 English teaching specialists. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) based on structural equations was used for validation of structure of questionnaire، Cronbach alpha coefficient was used for validation of internal consistency of questionnaire، and intra-class correlation coefficient under test-retest method with 2-week interval was used to study temporal reliability. The results showed that the first model of sports perfectionism scale was not support the favorable fit and thus does not confirm the validity of the first measurement model (42 questions). But after eliminating the three questions، the second model with 39 questions، had acceptable fit index (RMSEA = 0. 06، CFI = 0. 91، TLI = 0. 90)، internal consistency، and temporal reliability، indicating good validity and reliability of modified Persian version of sport perfectionism scale. Therefore، The Persian version of the modified sport perfectionism-2 scale can be characterized as a tool to study and evaluate the personality traits of Iranian athletes will benefit.