فصلنامه مطالعات بین المللی پلیس
پیاپی 13 (بهار 1392)

Context and Sacred buildings draw support and immunity from the community, due to their special religious status. To protect sacred buildings in armed conflict, several treaties have been concluded in recent centuries. In this paper some of the most important humanitarian law documents, which is to protect religious sites, are examined. This paper is document-based, descriptive and analytic; the literature review has been piled up by library-based methods from original text-books, domestic papers, and internal and international documents. The main signed documents relevant to the support of sacred buildings are relating to the Hague Peace Convention of 1907, the Lieber Code, and the Declaration of Brussels at the beginning of last century. Two Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 in 1977 relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) and non-international Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), the Statute of the International Criminal Court, the Second Additional Protocol to the Treaty of 1954, including documents which support have predicted for places of worship in an international armed conflict to where into the statute of the court Intentionally directing attacks against places of worship has been considered among the war crimes. Supporting and defending the sacred buildings have a long history, while we see the entrance of this support into international documents, and formation of an international custom. The support of sacred buildings by international documents is weaker compared with its support of other buildings and places.

Context and

Human trafficking, a crime which undermines the human rights and dignity, is growing rapidly and no country is safe in the path of this juggernaut. Abundant proceeds of this crime has been tantalizing for transnational criminal groups to enter this field. This paper is seeking to study the backgrounds to sanction of this law, and Iran's penal policy towards human trafficking.

The objective of this paper is practical. The literature review has been piled up by library-based methods from original text-books, domestic papers, internet websites, and internal and international laws.

Before the Islamic Revolution, Iran's penal policy on this crime was bounded only to approbation of some international conventions and sanctions of a few laws. While after the revolution, there were many developments in this field; the most important of which has been the endorsement of the new law against human trafficking in 2004, which is originated from international acts, media and public pressures. Human trafficking is where human rights, penal laws, migration laws, and work-force laws become interconnected; and this makes it difficult to thoroughly study this crime and put policies to tackle them.

Human trafficking is a great threat to human rights and dignity. The punishments which have been defined in the law approved in 2004 are not compatible with crimes. And not enough supports have been included in the law for the victims.

Context and Helping the international victims is an international problem entailing the involvement of different countries. “The Manifest of the Basic Principles of Justice for the Victims of Power Abusing” can be considered the pinnacle of the attempts of international society, especially the UN to support the victims. This Manifest made the concern worldwide. The victims of war and terrorism, among all the others, need a special national and international attention. This research is to study the legal system of different countries –especially Iran –and international documents, the ways of helping terrorism and war victims. The method is descriptive and the data are accumulated in a library way. This research shows that the international victims of terrorism and war are really important. What is worth considering is to pay attention to the mental and materials needed for these victims and their families. It is shown that in Iranian law system, unlike other victims (such as the old, sexual crimes, child abuse, etc) a kind of good support is directed toward the victims of war. We hope to have supportive laws and services for other victims as well.

Context and Mass killing is defined as murdering more than two people happening in the same place and time. This crime is not included in the Statute of International Criminal Court, international regulations and neither in I.R. Iran Penal Law. It is evaluated in the form of genocide by some jurists, and it is sometimes considered as crime against humanity. The objective of this paper is to study the legal status of genocide in Iran’s penal law and also in other international documents. The paper has been written by document-based methods and the materials have been collected by library-based methods, including books, theses, papers, and other reliable documents. We have also used website documents based on our needs. Mass Killing is not included in the Statute of International Criminal Court, therefore this court has jurisdiction to the cases which are presented as war crime, crimes against humanity and genocide. It means that in the case of genocide the court has no jurisdiction over these cases. Due to the significance of genocide it is incumbent to include this crime in the Statute of International Criminal Court not to leave such crimes without proper response in international courts.

Context and In most books and initiatives related to crime prevention, only three areas such as judicial prevention, social prevention and situational prevention are considered. Now the question is that policing prevention is focused in which area? In this paper, the segmentation of the United Nation in the field of crime prevention is considered as the basis of this research upon which the methods of crime prevention in I.R. Iran and Turkey are compared. This research is document-based and is written using library sources. Lots of notes have been gathered from English and Persian books and reliable sources. One of the most important documents used here is the document of the UN about crime prevention The police of Turkey employ three types of prevention such as social, judicial and policing prevention; however, there are differences in quality and quantity of enforcing methods in comparison with I.R. Iran police. In fact, in Turkey, the term of policing prevention is used instead of situational police. According to the 156th principle of Iran’s Constitution, crime prevention is the duty of Judiciary Organ. But in ordinary laws, we have some instances of crime prevention. Turkish Police have it own structure to prevent crimes and in this area it does not have any basic difference with Iran’s Police.

Risk society has many suggestions regarding the criticism of social institutions such as penal justice system, but that society is restricted by political and cognitive obstacle Actuarial criminology is part of this intellectual school and is composed of the experts and systems that help the execution of law. Risk theories dont allow themselves to be trapped amid the net of liberal and conservative theories of crime. Risk discourse must be considered as the legitimacy of the trends of penal justice so that it can change from an un-defendable situation in to a neutral witness.