فصلنامه بررسی های حسابداری و حسابرسی
پیاپی 73 (پاییز 1392)

This study examines the relationship between product market competition and other factors affecting the capital structure of listed companies in Tehran stock exchange. The main objective of this study is to identify the effect of market competition on financial leverage (debt absorption) along with other factors affecting the company total debt absorption. Study period is 5-year from 1385 to 1389. To determine product market competition as the independent variable، Tobin’s Q ratio is used. The dependent variable used to calculate the capital structure is financial leverage ratio which is equal to total debt to total assets ratio. Other independent variables، as other effective factors on capital structure such as profitability، firm size، collateral value of assets، the company''s growth، non-debt tax shields، uniqueness of assets is the ability to generate internal resources and current ratio. In this study of 178 companies (890 years - co) used as a sample and to test the research hypotheses pool/panel regression is used in both static and dynamic. Results shows that in static model، profitability effect، inventory ratio to fix assets divided by total assets and current ratio to capital structure is negative and significant and product market competition and also non debt tax shield to capital structure is positive and significant. In dynamic model، profitability effect، inventory ratio to fix assets divided by total assets and current ratio to capital structure is negative and significant and product market competition and also non debt tax shield to capital structure is positive and significant.

Financial statements cannot report all the information content. The main reason is the judgment in standards and qualitative financial reporting concepts، and conflict of interests between various groups. The form and substance are such concepts. The question of this research is the measure of the gap، preference، conflict or agreement of five groups of producers، users، confirmers، teachers and accounting students about this issue. Recognizing factors causing the gap is the goal of this research. This study is segmental cross-sectional and quantitative. Data gathering is done using questionnaire. Analysis of variance (ANOVA)، F-test and t-test are also used. The results have shown that the state and order of studied groups and their common and characteristic properties have some effects on their ideas about form and content and the gap between them. Therefore considering the result of this research and the noticeable gap and this reality that editing and using accounting standards could have an important role on decreasing the gap، some proposals are presented for decreasing the descripted gap.

This article intends to verify the theories which are relevant to the product market competition and organizations’ capital structure. In the current century، due to the economic changes، the required capital of the organizations has been increased. So، the more monetary and financial securities is being required for organizations. Since organizations’ liabilities and stockholders’ benefits constitute the capital structure، the significance of management decision making in this field would be growing and also remarkable. In addition، there is critical question here that is which factors affect the most on management decision making? The answer to this question depends on our definition of capital structure and the criteria affecting monetary securities. Moreover، various theories have been introduced about the capital structure in which illustrates the reasons why organizations are providing these securities through liability and forming their capital structure.

This study examined whether reporting conservatism is related to firms'' financial flexibility as manifested in their corporate financial decisions، namely their investment–cash flow sensitivity. In other words، the relationship between investment-cash flow sensitivity and accounting conservatism has investigated and the effect of some control variables on this relationship has examined. This study is done in Tehran Stock Exchange listed companies over the period 2004 to 2011 by using panel data method in multivariate regression models. The results showed that there was significant and negative relationship between investment–cash flow sensitivity and accounting conservatism. This finding supported the Efficient Contracting View. It means that firms with greater reporting conservatism should experience lower investment-cash flow sensitivity.

This research aims to study the effects of auditor’s characteristics that consist ofAuditor size، auditor rotation and the type of auditor’s report upon the financial restatementin Tehran stock exchange. Hence، 130 companies are selected and research hypotheses are examined by least square regression. The findings show that there are significant negative relationship between the mean of restated amounts in financial statement with the auditor size and rotation. Therefore، changing of auditor firm and increasing the employee of auditor firms reduce the restated amounts in financial statement. However، the relationship between type of auditor’s report and restated amounts in financial statement is insignificant.

Investors using many Strategies in select portfolio. One of this Strategies is accruals. Operating accruals and Total accruals are two measures of Accruals. This measures are calculated in two ways، cash flow method and balance sheet method. So far in cash flow method and balance sheet method، accruals to enter in experimental models scaled by average total assets. In this study propose a small change in the definition of accruals. instead of scaling accruals by average total assets، this scale by earnings (NOI or NI). We label this definition of accruals as “percent accruals”. The percent accruals measure differs most from traditional accruals measure. This seemingly simple change in the definition of accruals produces a radically different sort of the data and yield larger excess returns. This study first investigate excess return in low and high portfolio at one of strategies and then investigate the using traditional and percent accruals in select portfolio. The study sample consisted of 158 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The period of study is 2002 to 2011. Researching results show that only at percent total accrual، excess return in low portfolio is better than high portfolio. Results show excess return only in low portfolio of percent total accrual better than low portfolio of traditional total accrual

Now in auditing، expectation gap is considered the major challenge of this profession. Despite several efforts made by this profession in order to reduce this gap، but research show that this gap severely exists. Continuation of this issue can to declining of the role، importance and position of this profession، which bring crisis، legal problems، and moral challenges. In this research، we evaluate the effects of language vividness in audit report to reducing the audit expectation gap. Audit report is the main medium of communication between auditors and their addressees، there fore، audit profession pays more attention to it. To define the language vividness in audit report، we use recent findings of linguistics، psychology and audit profession. In this research، we used the experimental method by the application of a designed web–based software Results، deliberately supported the effects of enhancing language vividness in audit report to reducing audit expectation gap. It seems that، already in real environments we can follow this approach to reduce and minimize this gap. However auditing profession has paid more attention to this issue، but it seems that its efforts was not enough influential، and approaches presented in this research can be helpful to this profession.