Change in adipose tissue phenotype caused by exercise training is the new theory raised recently. However، the identification of cellular and molecular mechanisms by which exercise training exert its benefits are being investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of resistance training on plasma irisin protein level and expression of soleus muscle FNDC5 and subcutaneous adipose tissue UCP1 genes in male rats. 16 Sprague dolly male rats (mean weight = 221. 00 ± 2. 31 g; age: 8 weeks) divided in 2 groups، resistance training and control، randomly. Training group exercised on a special ladder (1. 2 meters height) and carried a weight with 50% of their body weight، which was closed to their tails، 3 sets of 5 reps with 3 minutes rest between training sessions and one minute rest between repetitions was done. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for measuring plasma irisin levels and real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) method for the relative expression of mRNA of UCP1 and FNDC5 genes were used. Independent t-test was used to compare group differences. Irisin protein levels after resistance training significantly increased (P < 0. 001). Besides، the relative expression of mRNA of FNDC5 (P < 0. 001) and UCP1 (P < 0. 001) genes significantly increased after exercise. Although research on this theory is a beginning pathway، it can be concluded from the present results that the resistance training through secretion of myokin-like irisin improves body composition possibly through increased energy expenditure in white adipose tissue.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric disorder that 16. 2 of population in developed countries experience it at least once in their lifetime; it is a major cause of social disability according to WHO reports. This study was designed to compare the efficacy of fluvoxamine and sertraline in treating major depressive disorder.

During this randomized clinical trial، 110 patients with certain diagnosis of major depressive disorder were divided in two parallel groups: fluvoxamine 200 mg daily and sertraline 100 mg daily. Beck test was done before and after intervention and the data were analyzed by chi-square and independent-sample t tests.

58 patients (52. 72%) received fluvoxamine and 52 (47. 28%) received sertraline. Fluvoxamine had better therapeutic effects than sertraline (P = 0. 002). Although، women (P = 0. 007) and age group of 43-67 years (P = 0. 015) had better response to fluvoxamine.

According to current findings، it is recommended that gender and age group be noticed in administrating the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI) drugs in patients with major depressive disorder.

It has been shown that adults with multiple sclerosis (MS) have less leg strength than their peers، as well as impaired balance، which led to an increased prevalence of falling in this population. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of 8-weeks aquatic exercise training in balance، walking endurance and speed in women with MS. Twenty-one women patient with clinically-definite relapsing-remittent MS who were registered through the Isfahan MS Association (Iran) participated in this randomized clinical trial. Patients were randomized into two groups: exercise training (n = 10) or control (n = 11). The exercise training group participated in an 8-weeks aquatic exercise program of 45-60 minutes sessions، 3 days per week on alternate days; while the controls received standard medical care and follow-up. Balance، walking speed and walking endurance were measured by using the Berg Balance Scale، the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and 6-minute walk time at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks. The obtained data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures. After 2 months period، walking speed and endurance improved significantly in the exercise group compared with the controls (P < 0. 05). The exercise group showed significant improvement in balance، walking speed and endurance during all of the aquatic exercise periods compared with baseline (P < 0. 05). The difference in balance scores between the exercise and control groups was not significant after exercise-based water program (P > 0. 05). The results showed that aquatic exercise training in women with MS improves balance، walking speed and endurance. However، aquatic exercise training may lead to additional benefit beyond optimal medical treatments and should be a cornerstone in the management of all patients with MS.

There are different kinds of stress on mothers during prenatal period. The present study investigated the effects of exposure to chronic heterogeneous sequential stress during prenatal period on formalin-induced nociceptive behavior in adult offspring. In the present study، animals were divided in stressed and non-stressed groups and their offspring divided in male and female groups. Heterogeneous sequential stress including food deprivation، water deprivation، restraint، restraint at room temperature، restraint at 4◦C، forced swimming and social isolation were applied during days 9 to 19 of gestation. Formalin test as chemical model and hot-plate as thermal pain model were used in rats. Chronic heterogeneous sequential stress increased the nociceptive behaviors in male rats in first part and in female rats in second part of phase 2 of formalin test compared with controls. The result of this study showed that chronic heterogeneous sequential stress in rats increased the nociceptive behaviours in second phase of formalin test in a gender-dependent order; which suggested chronic heterogeneous sequential stress may be useful in evaluating the basic mechanism of exposure to chronic heterogeneous sequential stress during prenatal period on in adult offspring.

Type 2 diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases. Prevalence of depression in patients with diabetes is higher than the general population and can affect the prognosis of diabetes and glycemic control. As physical and mental diseases could be influenced by each other، we planned this study to evaluate the relationship of depression and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this cross-sectional study، patients with type 2 diabetes referring to diabetic clinic of Kamkar Hospital of Qom، Iran، from March to June 2012 were evaluated. Blood samples were taken to measure fasting blood sugar (FBS) and HbA1c. Then، the patients completed the Beck Depression Inventory and the relationship of depression and glycemic control was studied. From 116 studied patients، 36 (31%) were men and others were women. 29. 3% did not have depression and 70. 7% were depressed. Also، 17. 6% of depressed patients and 35. 5% of non-depressed patients had FBS < 130 mg/dl (P = 0. 099) and 17. 1% of depressed patients and 17. 6% of non-depressed patients had HbA1c < 7% (P = 0. 940). Mean FBS was 190. 57 ± 70. 98 mg/dl in depressed patients and 179. 88 ± 66. 27 mg/dl in non-depressed patients (P = 0. 453). Mean HbA1c was 8. 64 ± 1. 63 percent in depressed and 8. 44 ± 1. 41 percent in non-depressed patients (P = 0. 530). Regarding the results of this study، it can be concluded that depression has no effect on glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes، especially in long-term period.