مجله غدد درون ریز و متابولیسم ایران
سال پانزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 70، آبان 1392)

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic disorders associated with cardiovascular disease. Animal and human experimental studies have shown the beneficial effects of sesame oil on the components of the metabolic syndrome; however، the effect of Ardeh (grounded sesame seed) is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine effect of Ardeh on components of the metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic patients. In this clinical trial، 40 type 2 diabetic patients were recruited and randomly assigned into two groups، the control and Ardeh consumers. The breakfast energy content of participants، was planned at around 270 kcal. In the Ardeh consumer group، part of their breakfast was replaced by 2 Tsp Ardeh، whereas controls consumed the usual breakfast. Waist circumference، systolic and diastolic blood pressure، serum concentrations of glucose، triglycerides and HDL-C were measured at baseline and again 6 weeks after intervention. In the Ardeh consumer group after six weeks mean serum triglyceride concentration decreased significantly (144±9. 8 vs. 175±11. 4 mg/dL) (P<0. 05) and HDL-C increased (51. 7±1. 7 vs. 11. 5 mg/dL)، compared with controls. Means of other components of metabolic syndrome showed no significant changes between Ardeh consumer and control groups. Our results suggest that consumption of 28 g/d Ardeh has a beneficial effect on some components of metabolic syndrome، findings that need to be confirmed by further investigations.

Inflammation is a common recognized complication of metabolic syndrome. Our objective was to study the association between food groups، inflammatory markers and the metabolic syndrome in adults.

This case control study was conducted on 80 subjects with metabolic syndrome as cases and 160 controls without the syndrome. Metabolic syndrome was defined based on criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel III. Anthropometric، biochemical profiles، blood pressure and inflammatory markers were documented. Statistical analysis were performed using logistic regression and linear regression.

Legumes، fruits، dairy product and red meat were inversely and starchy vegatables were found to be positively associated with metabolic syndrome. After adjusment for confounding factors، legumes، fruits and dairy remained significant. Compared with the lowest quartile category odds ratio for Mets in the highest quartile of legumes and fruits intakes was 60% lower، after adjustment for confounding factors. Also compared with the lowest quartile category metabolic syndrome odds ratio in the highest quartile category of dairy was 40% lower. In the highest quartile category of fruit، dairy and legumes، hs-C Reactive Protein concentration was significantly lower، after adjustment for confounding factors.

Fruit، dairy and legumes consumption were inversly associated with metabolic syndrome and hs-C Reactive Protein concentration in this group of adult Iranians.

As High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is directly associated with cardiovascular disease، the factors affecting the levels of this fat can be effective in reducing heart diseases. In addition to biochemical and environmental factors، genetic interactions also affect HDL level. Since polymorphism effects can be time-dependent، study of genetic interactions on HDL over time is important. In this study، we proposed Transition Logic Regression to analyze interactions in binary longitudinal data and used it to investigate polymorphism interactions related to low HDL over time. Data of 329 subjects who participated in three phases of TLGS was analyzed using the proposed model. Results showed that subjects with high triglyceride levels and increased waist circumference have an odds ratio of 2. 29 (CI95%: 1. 51، 3. 48) of having low HDL. Also، being in phase 2 and being a carrier of the minor allele of ApoA1M1 or being homozygous for the common allele of ApoCIII، were associated with an increased odds of having low HDL (OR= 2. 30، CI95%: 1. 77، 2. 99). The odds ratio for having low HDL in male subjects with high blood pressure or being homozygous for the minor allele of SRB1 is 0. 38 (CI95%: 0. 25،0. 59). Considering the identification of gene interactions in genetic studies and their importance over time، Transition Logic Regression was introduced and used to find gene interactions influencing low HDL over time and the most important models for gene interactions were identified.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the combined effects of endurance training and fasting during Ramadan on fat and carbohydrate metabolism. Twenty four healthy men (age، 25. 4±2. 3 years) were randomly allocated to two groups of fasting (F، n=12) and fasting + endurance training (F+ET، n=12). The study protocol for the F group included 10 and the F+ET group had 12 subjects. The fasting group only fasted during Ramadan، whereas the F+ET group، in addition to fasting، performed three sessions of endurance training on the treadmill after Iftar. Antropometric indices، blood samples and dietary intakes were documented the beginning of Ramadan and after the first week and at the end of Ramadan. Weight and body mass index did not change significantly during Ramadan in either group (P>0. 05)، but the body fat percentage reduced significantly (P<0. 05) during Ramadan in both groups. Fat oxidation، carbohydrate oxidation، insulin، glucose، glycerol، and non-esterified free fatty acid changed in the first week of Ramadan، more pronouncedly in F+ET group، whereas in the F group these changes occurred more during the second half of the Ramadan، though the changes did not differ significantly between the two groups. Combining Ramadan fasting and exercise training affects the trend of changes in fat and carbohydrate oxidation during Ramadan. Generally however the effects of two protocols were similar and adding the endurance training to fasting did not induce more changes than fasting perse.

Overweight and obesity are important public health problems in preschoolers because most eating and physical activity habits are established during childhood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Tehranian preschoolers using different standard criteria and to determine their relation with physical fitness. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 381 preschoolers، aged 5 to 6 years. Anthropometric، health-related and motor fitness tests were assessed in all children. Based on IOTF reference، 7. 36% (CI: 0. 037–0. 111) and 4. 73% (CI: 0. 017–0. 078) of boys and 11. 51% (CI: 0. 070–0. 160) and 10. 99% (CI: 0. 066–0. 154) of girls were overweight and obese، respectively. Significant correlations were found between 20m sprint test، predicted VO2max and most of the anthropometric indices in boys and between modified sit-ups، predicted VO2max and most of the anthropometric indices in girls. These findings emphasize the relatively high prevalence of overweight and obesity in both sexes and show that overweight and obesity were limiting factors for fitness performance levels. Overweight and obesity were indicative of poor physical fitness in both genders. Overweight and obese children، compared to their underweight and normal-weight counterparts، demonstrate inferior performance in most motor and health-related fitness parameters.

Considering the importance of obesity and lifestyle behaviors، especially physical activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of obesity، overweight and some demographic factors with physical activity in adults of Rasht city. Two hundred men (mean ± SD: 40. 27 ± 13. 6 years) and 200 women (mean ± SD: 40. 41 ± 12. 3 years) participated in this study. Anthropometric data including weight، height، waist and hip circumferences، and body mass index (BMI) were obtained using standard methods. Physical activity level was measured by International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Of subjects، 13. 5، 43 and 43. 5% had low، medium and high، social / economic conditions، respectively. The lowest percentage of subjects were labourers (1. 5%) and the highest (37. 5%) were self-employed. Prevalence of overweight، obesity and central obesity were 52%، 23. 5% and 47. 75%، respectively (men 54%، 14. 5% and 25. 5%; women 50%، 32. 5% and 56%). The prevalence of obesity increased with age (P<0. 05). The obese subjects had lowest levels of physical activity. Physical activity levels including walking، moderate and high activity were 59. 5، 22. 5 and 11. 5% and 66. 5، 14، 7% among men and women، respectively. The others did not perform any physical activity. Physical activity had an inverse relationship with overweight، obesity and central obesity (P<0. 05). Low level of physical activity is one of the causes of obesity and overweigt، indicating that level of physical activity in men and women is highly recommended for these individuals.

Insulin resistance plays a major role in type 2 diabetes and obesity. In this disorder، lipid accumulation is accompanied by increased TNF-α expression in the muscle. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) gene knockdown on key elements of insulin signaling pathway (IRS-1 and Akt) and insulin resistance in C2C12 muscle cells in the presence and absence of palmitate.

To knockdown protein expression of TNF-α، the C2C12 cells were transfected with the shRNA containing antisense sequence of murine TNF-α gene. The analysis of TNF-α protein expression and phosphorylation and protein levels of IRS-1and Akt were subsequently detected by western blot.

In TNF-α knockdown cells، the protein expression level of TNF-α was reduced by 58%. Under treatment with palmitate، insulin stimulated phosphorylation of IRS-1 (Tyr632) and Akt (Ser473) in knockdown cells was increased 1. 7 and 2. 6 fold، respectively، compared to the controls.

Our findings showed that decreasing the TNF-α protein level can enhance the activity of the important elements of insulin signaling pathway (IRS-1 and Akt)، leading to the improvement of insulin resistance in myotubes، data suggesting that TNF-α may potentially be a therapeutic target for fatty acid induced insulin resistance observed in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

Type I diabetes mellitus results from the autoimmune destruction of the β cells in pancreatic islets. Currently، extensive research is being conducted on the generation of insulin-producing cells (IPCs) from stem cells. P19 embryonal carcinoma cells are multipotent and can differentiate into cell types of all three germ layers. In this study، the differentiation of P19 cells into IPCs by using mouse pancreas extract (MPE) was investigated. Embryoid bodies (EBs) obtained from P19 cells were cultured in medium containing 3% fetal bovine serum، supplemented by concentration of 50، 100، 200،300 μg/mL MPE for 7-14 days. Dithizone (DTZ) staining was used to detect IPCs derived from EBs in vitro. Mouse monoclonal insulin-proinsulin and monoclonal insulin receptor beta antibodies were used for immunoflourescence. Insulin content from the cells and insulin secreted by differentiated cells in response to concentrations of 5. 5 and 25 mM glucose were measured using ELISA kits. DTZ-positive cells showed purple-red clusters. immunoflourescence indicated expression of Beta cell markers (insulin-proinsulin and insulin receptor beta) in these cells. Increasing glucose concentration، caused more insulin to be secreted by differentiated cells. P19 cells can in the presence of pancreas extract differentiate to cell producing and secreting insulin cells. Differentiated cells can increase insulin secretion in response to increasing glucose medium.