نشریه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر)
پیاپی 86 (تابستان 1392)

For various reasons, including industrial revolution, socioeconomic, cultural and political dependence,modernism, unmethodical following of Western models, etc., The spatial organization of our country's settlements has undergone a number of complex, sweeping changes so that in a few decades, its formerly traditional state with certain rules has become polarized, multiple, unbalanced, inefficient, heterogeneous, and backward. This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the spatial organization of North Khorasan Province.Using the models of entropy coefficient, stratigraphical, urban first and Arthur Smilies model,it investigates and analyzes the urban system of North Khorasan province during the last decade. The results of the research show that the urban network of the province is relatively orderly, due to the sovereignty of the middle and small cities in the province.

The main features of river ecosystem are that they are dynamic, consistent, organized from the river source to the estuary. This integrated system changes river into a varied, complex and unique system. Critical river ecosystems create a dynamic balance between variables like material, energy, space, time and variability in accordance with their environment.
Extracting too much alluvial materials (more than what can be renewed) results in destruction and collapse of river systems. It destroy their ecological unity in different ways and ultimately transfer its negative effects to the surrounding ecosystems.
Golpaygan River has been the most important resource providing sand for its surroundings for about half a century. Because of many different reasons such as limited flood current, small basin, construction of a dam, the river cannot restore even a small portion of its despoiled resources of sand and gravel.
Therefore, the river is facing irrecoverable morphologic, hydrologic and geomorphologic changes in a vast part of its central basin. This can have negative influence on groundwater resources, vegetation, soil resources, erosion and other environmental elements.
The present article endeavors to study and investigate the effects of mismanagement in the area, hoping that perhaps this results in paying more attention to the environment. To do so, it applies field study, hydrological and geomorphodynamic studies and calculates the volume of erosional sources in the rive

In the present article, Isfahan annual temperature parameters were analyzed to determine long-term time trend and its potential changes in 1976 to 2005 time period. To do so, any of the temperature data series received from the five weather stations (Isfahan, East Isfahan, Kashan, Kabutar Abad, Khor) were investigated based on Mann-Kendall statistical tests and normal residuals cumulative curve. Based on the non-parametric Mann-Kendall method, maximum temperature in Kabutar Abad and Khor stations had increased significantly, while other stations lack a trend. Minimum annual changes also shows a relative increase in eastern stations and average temperature in East Isfahan and Kabutar abad stations have an increasing trend. Normal residuals cumulative curve which divide data into two domains has similar results. According to this method, temperature in kabutar Abad and East Isfahan stations have increased significantly. The results which indicate temperature increase in most provincial stations (especially central ones) can be applied to zoning and predicting future droughts along with planning and managing water resources in the area.

Scholars and experts in different fields need a common terminology and a common interpretation of terms and concepts which give paradigmatic value to the science. Despite repeated references to “landforms” in different definitions of geomorphology, as the science of studying and interpreting landforms, and the importance of this concept in metaphysical and epistemological view of geomorphology, the term has been quite neglected by geomorphologists. Therefore, as most classifications and geomorphologic researches are based on the concept of “land form”. The present article seeks to investigate the nature and concept of landforms and provide a classification of landforms in the area. Qualitative and quantitative research methods, aerial and satellite imageries were applied, large scale field study was performed and library documents were explored. The research ultimately provides a table of available landforms in the area and produce a geomorphologic map of landforms in Jaj Rud basin according to land forming processes.

Drought is a global phenomenon which can happen nearly everywhere and result in major economic, social and environmental costs and losses. In this study, annual precipitation data of 7 synoptic stations and 8 pluviometric stations in a 20 year period (1986-2005) were applied to investigate climatic droughts in Hormozgan province. After preparation of data, the intensity of drought was calculated using two statistical indices (percent index of normal precipitation and annual precipitation metric). Then, the results in each station were compared with its corresponding precipitation to select the best zoning method.
Finally, percent index of normal precipitation was selected as the best index for zoning drought. Results of the zoning indicated that in 1992, 1997, 1996, 1995 wet year was dominant in the area, while in 1993, 1994, 2000, 2004, 2005 average dry year covered a large part of the area and in 2001, 2003 very dry and extremely dry year was dominant. Drought does not show a specific trend considering its continuation, intensity and extent and lacks a homogeneous temporal and spatial distribution.

Jovin plain with an area of 6980 km2 is a syncline between two anticlines of Choghatay elevations in south and Shah Jahan elevations in North. Its main drainage is Kalshur River in Jovin. Because of more than 1110 deep and semi-deep wells being exploited and lack of correct planning in groundwater resources, this plain have been introduced as a critical areas in Khorasan-e Razavi province. Relatively high density villages, dominance of agricultural activities, industrial factories like Qand-e Jovin and Jamco ferro-chromium, and the fact that two important population centers in the plain (Neqab and Choghatay) have been changed into a town in recent years will definitely result in increasing exploitation of groundwater resources, intensification of ground subsidence and creates new considerations for urban planners. In order to study the relation between ground subsidence and exploitation of groundwater resources, the present article produces and investigates topographic, geologic maps, and satellite imageries and performs field and secondary study. In the next step, piezometric maps of ground water resources were produced using meteorological information and statistics. Ground subsidence zoning map of this plain was produced using GIS techniques. The map indicates that ground subsidence happened mostly in areas where villages have a higher density and population. Moreover, industries in the area were highly influential. Finally based on the geomorphologic maps and zoning of groundwater resources reduction, suggestions are provided regarding feeding of groundwater resources and ground subsidence.

The present article seeks to clarify the relation between economic function of women in villages and sustainable development of rural areas. Documentary research methods, questionnaires and monitoring were used. Principal component analysis (PCA) and a model derived from PSR model are the usual pattern in data classification and analysis. Statistical society consists of 8619 women in active ages in 564 villages of more than 15 household in Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari. The volume of selected points and households are classified using probable sampling. Results indicate that economic function of rural women is under the influence of local-spatial structures and has a significant relation with factors like general skills and access or control of producing factors. Upgrading education level, holding different educational-promotional courses, providing necessary requirements to increase rural women access and control over producing resources and factors with solutions like cheap bank facilities, etc. are among solutions which is expected to increase economic functionality of rural women in the process of sustainable development.

Nowadays, energy use has increased dramatically in Iran. Gas is one of the most important energy resources. Gas use will grow in future and its pipe lines are quickly developing. The length of this gas distributing network reaches thousands of miles, so validating and timely defect detection in each part of pipe line is important and essential. The present article reviews current technology of leakage detection in pipe lines and points out the role of remote sensing and aerial methods in this detection.
In the first section, different leakage detection methods applied on gas pipe lines are shortly reviewed and the second section focuses on optical methods and applying remote sensing and aerial methods with the aim of decreasing costs and time of leakage detection in vast areas. Finally, different methods of leakage detection are compared in the conclusion.

Soil erosion and production of sediments are among the most important natural resource problems which depends on climatic situation, soil reliefs and land use. The present study investigates the relation between watershed management activities like banquette and check dam or detention dams with soil erosion and production of sediments in Manderjan watershed which is located in Sarab, Zayande Rud dam. This watershed covers 230 km2. Precipitation statistics from Chadegan climatology station and Sediment monitoring network in Manderjan during 1978-2002 were used along with land use map and erosion map based on 1979 satellite images. Manderjan watershed is located in West Isfahan province and has cold weather with temperate summers. Its average annual precipitation is evaluated 420 mm. Because of being located between Daran Mountains (Dalankuh) in North and Zagros mountains in west, it has multiple streams and an average slope of 13.3% in north-south direction. Therefore, different watershed management activities (banquette and check dam or detention dams) could have a significant effect on prevention of erosion. Descriptive case study was used along with field study and library investigation.

Recognizing strong and weak points and determining the level of deprivation and enjoyment of the specified indices in these areas are the most important step for planning and developing areas and zones. The present article seeks to rate towns in Ilam province based on the development of agricultural mechanization. To reach this goal, towns under study were first rated in two frameworks regarding the ratio of beneficiaries using agricultural machinery to those enjoying them. Then, towns of Ilam province are rated based on the aggregation of these two frameworks. Morris model, a customary model in rating areas, is used for rating towns based on these indices. Results indicate that Dare Shahr has the first rank and Ivan has the last rank in the ratio of beneficiaries using agricultural machinery, while Dehloran has the first rank and Mehran possess the last rank in the ratio of beneficiaries owning agricultural machinery. Moreover, Dehloran has the first rank and Ivan has the last rank in the index of agricultural mechanization development which is calculated by the aggregation of the previous indices. The results of the ranking indicates that two towns are privileged, four are semi-privileged and one town is in the deprived rank.

Today, tourism certainly can be a sustainable resource of income. In areas with higher density, there is higher needs for a place to spend leisure time on one hand and on the other hand the need for employment is more severely felt. Shahreyar with a population of one million is a large population center in Tehran province. A large part of this population depends on Tehran or Karaj for their income and even for spending their free time which results in increasing traffic jams of these metropolises. The area is a green plain covered with fruit gardens whose beauty and maintenance depends on planning and increasing the benefits of garden owners. Otherwise, these gardens will end in the construction section as it has happened in the last few years. In the present research, the area was investigated from different perspectives and field information were collected. Results indicate that the area is in need of powerful planners with the capability of long term planning and providing the necessary requirements to attract capital and create confidence for investment in building new creative contexts and eliminating or minimizing limitations and obstacles. Obviously, green plain of Shahreyar has more powerful rivals like towns in North of Tehran and if it is going to maintain its status, new plans must be implemented in the area.

Integrated urban management is a modern theory proposed officially in Iran during the last one or two decades with the aim of reducing urban expenses especially in Tehran municipality. Inconsistencies among managing organizations result in confusion of urban organizations and wasting material and spiritual capital, in a way that sometimes decisions made by urban service organizations contrast with one another. Nowadays, lack of integrated urban management has imposed multiple costs to the urban economy and ultimately challenged urbanization culture.
The present article seeks to find a solution for integrated urban management and development of urbanization culture and exploiting capabilities and opportunities in all sections. Descriptive-analytic methods are used. In theoretical discussion, historical method are applied based on available data. Results indicate that in accordance with urbanization growths in Tehran and development of different organizations, disagreement between decisions and plans and disturbances in urban environment have intensified. Urban management is mutually related with the development of urbanization culture. Urbanization culture is shaped in accordance with urban management.
Investigations indicate that there is no mutual relationship between urban managers in building urban spaces. Organized and beautiful space results in cultural growth and development. According to the research findings, most of inconsistencies in Tehran are related to excavations performed by organizations working in water, power and telecommunication sectors which causes mental distress and social anomalies. These inconsistencies are more sensible in southern parts of the city and fewer inconsistencies are observable in northern parts.

Borderline areas are very important and influential in the development of country and underdevelopment in these areas will be directly transferred to the whole country. Sistan-va Balushectan is a borderline area in Iran which lack an appropriate developmental status. In sum, major challenges facing Sistan-va Baluchestan includes:Geographical broadness with limited population (178431 km2 with a population of 1722579-Statistical center of Iran: 2006), long and insecure borders, natural obstacles like deserts, lack of natural blessings, geographic isolation, geomorphological factors, climatic situation and lack of oil and gas resources, settlement of Baluch tribes in both sides of the border, vicinity to Pakistan and Afghanistan, instability and weakness in providing complete political, administrational and economic sustainability which have resulted in lack of control on borderlines, political flow of Afghan refugees, vicinity to the largest drug producer and smuggler entering Iran through Sistan va Baluchestan borders, economic, cultural and social inequalities in this area as compared to central areas, poverty and deprivation which have resulted in a tendency toward smuggling. These challenges have resulted in numerous and various problems and issues which can threaten local, regional and even national development. If the present situation continuous, more severe difficulties can arouse. Therefore, the present article seeks to understand geopolitical features as an effective factor in underdevelopment of Sistan-va Baluchestan to gain a research-based perspective and create the foundations of sustainable development in the area.

Access to climatic data is a fundamental prerequisite in any climatic study. In past years, data received from Meteorology organization stations were among the most reliable and acceptable data for climatic study and using precipitation data of these stations were a dominant paradigm among climatologists. But in recent decades, flaws and incapability of this paradigm in generalizing data received from one station to a zone especially in the case of unruly variables like precipitation resulted in adding a new paradigm and applying precipitation network data. Needs of the new paradigm to these kinds of data are somehow satisfied with precipitation network data.
These bases collect precipitation data from different resources and produce these network data in different degrees of separation using specific geo-referenced methods for regional to global zones in long time periods. However, complete analysis of each available station is not possible due to multiple and varied available versions. The present article seeks to introduce the overall structure and general features of precipitation network data bases and their capabilities. Finally, precipitation map was produced based on data received from some precipitation data stations.

Dust has always been one of the most important environmental hazards and it leaves adverse environmental consequences. The present article seeks to identify and analyze dusty days’ trend in Bushehr station during the last 55 years.
In this regard, monthly and annual statistical data of dusty days in Bushehr station between 1951 and 2005 was applied. First, normality test was performed using Ncss and homogeneity test was performed using Runs Test. After proving data abnormality, nonparametric test of Mann-Kendall was chosen.
Findings indicate that except for June, other months show an increasing trend of dusty days even in annual scale. Noteworthy, the increasing trend in cold months is more obvious than warm months of the year so that March and November with respectively 3.71 and 4.4 show an increasing trend in 99.9 percent significant level.

In recent years, fequency of dust storms has increased. Dust storms can influence and change the environment, result in huge damages for human societies. Correct monitoring of disasters is an essential need. The present article monitor dust storm processes in April, 2006. The dust storm zone was extracted concisely based on reflection features and dust storm absorption. Their intensity levels were estimated. Then, their moving directions were monitored using multi temporal data. Results indicate high consistency with the monitoring performed by meteorological group. To sum up, dynamic monitoring of dust storm processes with multi temporal data will be very useful in future.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

]Iran is located in one of the most critical geopolitical positions of the world, so that active geopolitical areas with extensive functions have surrounded Iran and changed it into an attraction for regional and global diplomacies. This has resulted in Iran effectiveness in regional and global transitions.
Yet, foreign policy and governments’ performance depends on geopolitical environment and provision of necessary factors for interacting in a collection of spatial and temporal behaviors. Islamic Republic of Iran needs to design and implement its foreign policy based on its geopolitical position (position, situation, energy resources, ideology, and cultural territory) with efficient interaction and a mutual understanding of time and space. Thus, the present article seeks to reach a deep and precise understanding of favorable and unfavorable geopolitical contexts in Iran. It defines approaches used for the realization of opportunities and confronting different challenges facing Islamic Republic of Iran’s effective presence in international changes with lowest expenses and highest profits.

Nowadays, commercial complexes and specially shopping centers as the most obvious and the latest type of these complexes have changed into an active commercial nucleus of large and modern cities due to their function and importance in daily life of citizens. Different forms of shopping centers provide diverse goods and services for their customers. Apart from economic and commercial functions, they have accepted social-cultural and recreational functions. They have changed into a place for dynamic social and cultural interactions and a place for spending free time along with shopping. As if social-cultural roles of old Iranian bazaars are recreated in a modern format. Considering the extent of commercial complex role, function and importance in social, economic and recreational activation of urban areas, strategic planning for construction and development of these complexes is especially sensitive. The present article introduces principles and foundations of drafting strategic document and planning such complexes using global literature and experiences. Descriptive-analytic research method is used. Information is collected using documentary method. Results indicate that there are four strategic areas in strategic planning of these complexes: locating area, design and tenure area, research and consultation area, financial area and each of these areas have their own goals, strategies, guidelines.