فصلنامه طب توانبخشی
سال دوم شماره 2 (تابستان 1392)

Attention plays an important role in an individual performance. The purpose of present study was to evaluate the development of sustain attention in a sample of Iranian children. In the present cross sectional study, 220 7-10 years old elementary school students (aged 9.09±1.46 years) participated. Continuous Performance Test (CPT) performed for evaluation. One way ANOVA and post hoc tuckey tests were used for analysis. Findings showed that children age between 7 to 11 years were different in number of omission error and reaction time (p< 0.0001). There was no difference in commission error. According to the results, we can conduct that as age increases omission error and reaction time decrease. Actually sustain attention increases with increasing age.

Refractive error is a deficiency or failure of the optical surfaces of the eye to focus images clearly on the retina. In addition there may be eye strain, headache, and fatigue; and severe forms may result in strabismus and amblyopia. These problems may end in learning disabilities and low intelligence and precipitate behavioral disorders.Previous studies have shown that learning disabilities in children may be due to visual or hearing disorders. Behavior disorders are also seen in blinds. However we didn`t find any study about the incidence of behavioral disorders in primary school children with refractive errors. In the present study we evaluated the frequency of behavioral disorders in children with refractive error. One hundred thirty children who were referred to a governmental and one private eye clinic in Tehran underwent comprehensive ocular examinations including evaluation of visual acuity with and without glasses, refraction with and without cycloplegic eye drops, strabismus and other ocular diseases. We used Persian translation of Rutters` questionnaire for evaluation behavioral disorder in these children. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software. Data in 65 normal and 65 cases with refractive errors were evaluated. Overally the rate of behavioral disorders was 22.3% which was higher in cases with refractive errors (29.2%) in comparison to normal cases (15.4%) (P=0.05). The frequency of behavioral disorders in 5-12 year old children with refractive errors was higher in comparison to normal cases. However, there was not any statistically significant difference between genders.

Limitation of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion as the most important risk factors for ankle sprain injury can cause disorders in neuromuscular control of muscles around the ankle. The aim of this study was to compare the EMG activity of selected muscles around the ankle joint of those athletes with ankle dorsiflexion range of motion limitation with healthy Athletes during the single-leg jump landing. Fifteen male athletes with ankle dorsiflexion range of motion limitations were categorized as the group with limitation and the same number of male athletes without limitation in ankle dorsiflexion range of motion as the healthy group. Universal goniometer was used to measure range of motion of the ankle. EMG activity of selected muscles of the ankle during single-leg jump landing task was recorded. A multivariate analysis of variance was used to compare the EMG activity of the muscles between groups. The significance level for all analyses was set as p≤0/05. The results showed that Peroneus Longus, Lateral Gastrocnemius and Soleus muscles in the athletes with motion limitation had significantly lower levels of activity than control group. But the Tibialis Anterior muscle activity was not significantly different between the two groups (p≤0/05). The reduction in muscle activity observed in the group with motion limitation can be attributed to changes in preplanned programs of the motor control of nervous system and proprioceptive afferent messages disorder of ankle joint.

Osteoarthritis of knee is the most common joint disorder, accounting for a large rate of disability in elderly that affected both genders equally. The patients with severe knee osteoarthritis complain of considerable pain and immobility and functional limitations. The medial compartment of the knee affected more often than lateral compartment. One of the conservative treatments proposed for this disorder is the lateral wedge insole. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of different insoles (in-shoe and out-shoe wedges) with the height of 7mm on the replacement of foot’s center of pressure in patients with severe medial knee osteoarthritis. 40 female patients with severe knee OA (severity of OA was 3, 4 in kallegrane & larense index, varus angle >182 and Mean age of 56.52±9.38) participated in this interventional study. The volunteers are evaluated at two positions included single limb stance and double limb stance during wearing seven different in-sole and out-sole wedges; in-shoe lateral heel wedge, in-shoe full length lateral wedge, in-shoe lateral heel wedge with medial arc support, in-shoe full length wedge with medial arc support, out-shoe lateral heel wedge, out-shoe full length lateral wedge and, without any wedge. Foot scan setting was used for evaluating and data collection. Repeated Measures ANOVA test was used to analyze the data. Different in-shoe and out-shoe wedges had different effects on the displacement of the center of pressure (P<0.0001). The comparison across different lateral wedges with height of 7mm suggested that out-shoe full length Lateral wedge has the most effect in lateralization of foot center of pressure followed by in-shoe lateral heel wedge with medial arc support, in-shoe lateral heel wedge, in-shoe full length wedge and in-shoe full length wedge with medial arch support. Among the investigated in-sole and out-sole wedges the lateral full length out-shoe wedge has the greatest effect on the lateral displacement of foot center of pressure.

The effect of resistance training and whole body vibration on the response of anabolic and catabolic hormones is well studied. But the effect of both of these to testosterone and cortisol response is not clear. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of resistance training combined with Whole Body Vibration (WBV) on the ratio of testosterone to cortisol. In semi experimental design, thirty young male football players were randomly allocated into three groups including WBV (n=10), resistance (n=10), and combination of the WBV and resistance exercise. The WBV group carried out one minute exercise and one minute rest totally for 10 minutes with a frequency of 50 Hz. tool, lateral displacement of 4 mm and in a semi-squat standing position. The resistance exercise was carried out with three-period ten exercises with 70% one repetition maximum (1RM) with a two-minute rest between each period. The resistance exercise included leg press and knee extension in sitting position. The third group performed the resistive exercise first and then the WBV. Blood samples were collected at prior to and hollowing exercise. The results showed a significant increase in cortisol. Regarding the total testosterone of the serum, it significantly increased only in the resistance exercise and the combination of resistance and WBV group. The testosterone to cortisol ratio reduced at the first four sessions, but increased following the last session only in the combination of the resistive and WBV group. Increased cortisol, testosterone and the testosterone to cortisol ratio confirmed that a combination of both resistive and WBV will result in better enhancement of anabolic pathways.

Aging as one of the most critical period of life is faced with many physiological changes. A main challenge of this century is a better quality of life. Therefore, determining factors that affect quality of life in elderly people is important. This study designed to determine relationship between depression disorders and physical activity level with quality of life in free-living elderly in Tabriz in 2012. This descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 184 elderly people (97 male and 87 female) with the age of 60 years and above. All subjects were selected from daily care centers of elderly people in Tabriz. Validated Persian self-reported version of World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief (WHOQOL) questionnaire was used to determine the quality of life in free-living elderly. Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) questionnaires were used to assess the level of physical activity and depression status, respectively. Correlations of variables were analyzed by multiple logistic regressions. There was a significant positive correlation between IADL and ADL with quality of life (r=0.426; p<0.001 and r=0.147; p=0.041, respectively). In addition, the correlation between GDS and quality of life variable was significant (r= -0.180, p=0.013). Since physical activity has beneficial effects on quality of life in elderly people, encouraging them to participate in social exercise programs and presenting guidelines to improve other aspects of quality of life are suggested.

Abstract Subjective Visual Vertical (SVV) test estimates mental perception of vertical orientation. Previous researches showed that individuals with normal vestibular function align the SVV line indicator within 2 degrees of true vertical (0 degrees). The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of preset angle on SVV value in static and dynamic visual background and also to compare the effect of clockwise and counterclockwise rotation of visual background on SVV value. Fifty normal adults (19 men and 31 women), with ages ranged from 18 to 40 years were asked to set a luminous bar as vertical in six different conditions: two times in static visual background condition and four times in dynamic visual background condition. Synapsys SVV instrument was used in this study. On one hand, the direction of preset angle had ipsilateral effect on deviation of SVV with static and dynamic background. It means that right preset angle made rightward deviation of SVV and left preset angle made leftward deviation of SVV (P <0.001). On the other hand, the direction of visual background rotation had significant and ipsilateral effect on SVV with dynamic background. It means clockwise rotation made rightward deviation of SVV and counterclockwise rotation made leftward deviation of SVV (P <0.001). For correct interpretation and precise diagnosis of vestibular disorders using the SVV test within the vestibular test battery, we should consider the effect of preset angle and rotation of visual background on the results.

Currently there is no cure for osteoarthritis. Conservative treatments such as drug therapy, various forms of physical therapy including heat, massage, electrotherapy, exercise therapy and surgical treatment are available. The purpose of this review was to comprehensively examine data from previous studies on Tai chi as an effective treatment for osteoarthritis patients. We searched PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect databases from 2003 to 2013. There were 13 studies that met our selection criteria: 10 RCTs and 3systematic reviews. These studies were about the effect of Tai chi on osteoarthritis, compare Tai chi versus control group and other routine treatments. Among 83 relevant studies, 10 studies were selected. Base on the type of intervention, the studies divided into two groups: 1.The studies that compared Tai chi versus routine physiotherapy treatments.2.The studies that compared Tai chi versus other interventions. These studies investigated the effect of Tai chi exercise on pain, physical function, stiffness of joints, muscle strength, measures of depression and self - efficacy in elderly patients with osteoarthritis. This review shows that Tai Chi exercise significantly improves pain, physical function, stiffness of joints, balance, gait speed, and quality of life in patients with osteoarthritis at least in the short term and therefore is recommended as a safe sport, along with other treatments for patients with osteoarthritis.