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نامه معماری و شهرسازی - سال پنجم شماره 10 (بهار و تابستان 1392)

نشریه نامه معماری و شهرسازی
سال پنجم شماره 10 (بهار و تابستان 1392)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1392/04/14
  • تعداد عناوین: 9
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  • کورش گلکار صفحه 5
    طی دهه گذشته دغدغه های جدی فراوانی توسط مسئولان، حرفه مندان و دانشگاهیان در مورد کیفیت طراحی شهری و منظر شهری تهران ابراز گردیده است. چنانچه تهران در صدد ارتقاء توان رقابتی خود در وضعیت جهانی شدن باشد و چنانچه ارتقاء تجربه زندگی شهری ساکنان مد نظر باشد، آنگاه ارتقاء منظر شهری دیگر نه یک انتخاب بلکه یک ضرورت خواهد بود. تاکنون مطالعات متعددی، غالبا به صورت پراکنده و ناتمام در خصوص سیمای تهران صورت گرفته است؛ مع هذا برای اولین بار در سال 1385 و در قالب برنامه مکملی برای طرح جامع جدید تهران، تهیه یک سند رسمی تحت عنوان «برنامه راهبردی طراحی شهری و مدیریت منظر شهری تهران» در دستور کار نهادهای مسئول قرار گرفت. هدف این مقاله ارائه شرح مختصری از نتایج مرحله اول برنامه مزبور و تحلیل و تفسیر داده هایی است که از طریق پیمایش برای مطالعات چشم انداز سازی آن گرد آمده است. برای پیمایش از پرسش نامه مفصلی، شامل 78 پرسش و گزاره لیکرت برای سنجش نگرش گروهی از مسئولان رسمی، حرفه مندان و دانشگاهیان (n=59) استفاده است. مواد پرسش نامه بر اساس مدل چشم اندازسازی ارگون در چهار بخش سازمان داده شده اند و به وضعیت امروز، فردا و اقدامات لازم جهت بهسازی منظر شهری تهران می پردازد. دامنه این مقاله محدود به تحلیل و تفسیر هیجده مورد از پرسش ها یا گزاره های پیمایش فوق است. نتایج مطالعه نشان می دهد که اکثریت قاطعی از پاسخ دهندگان وضعیت منظر شهری تهران را بد یا بسیار بد ارزیابی نموده اند (85 درصد)؛ با وجود این، آنان معتقدند با اعمال مدیریت شهری صحیح تهران قابلیت تبدیل به شهری زیبا را دارد. مهمترین مناظر شهری تهران مناظر رشته کوه البرز، مناظر ورودی تهران و مناظر قابل دریافت در بزرگراه های شهری عنوان شده اند. تقریبا تمام پاسخ دهندگان فقدان یک «برنامه طراحی شهری» را دلیل اصلی مناظر چشم آزار و بی نظم عنوان نموده اند (1/98 درصد) و ضرورت لحاظ نمودن سرفصلی تحت عنوان «مدیریت بصری شهر» را در چارچوب ماموریت های کنونی مدیریت شهری ابراز کرده اند. پاسخ دهندگان جنبه ظاهری و بصری شهری را از جوانب کارکردی و زیست محیطی آن جدا ندانسته اند که این را می توان به عنوان ضرورت اتخاذ یک رویکرد پایدار و کل گرایانه به زیباشناسی شهری، به جای ادامه رویکرد آرایشی و سطحی کنونی تفسیر نمود.
    کلیدواژگان: تهران، طراحی شهری، منظر عینی شهر، منظر ذهنی شهر، چشم انداز سازی
  • طاهره گرانپایه واقعی، زهره دانشپور صفحه 25
    هدف این مقاله کوشش و آزمون ارائه سازوکار و فرآیندی برای برنامه ریزی توسعه اجتماع پایدار در سطح یک اجتماع محلی (محله امیرآباد شهر تهران)، به عنوان شیوه ای مبتنی بر گزینه و متمایز از شیوه های رایج برنامه ریزی در سطوح خرد شهری در تهران است. مقاله با بررسی پایه های نظری دو انگاشت «پایداری» و «برنامه ریزی توسعه اجتماع»، زیربنای نظری تعریف برنامه ریزی توسعه اجتماع پایدار را ردیابی نموده و سپس با بررسی وضعیت و شرایط اجتماع و توسعه پایدار (بر اساس ویژگی های عینی و ذهنی) در محله، فرآیندی را برای برنامه ریزی توسعه اجتماع پایدار در محله امیرآباد ارائه می کند. در بررسی ابعاد عینی تکیه اصلی بر اطلاعات مدون قرار داشته، درحالی که بررسی ابعاد ذهنی مستلزم طراحی، تکمیل و پردازش پرسش نامه هایی هدفمند بوده است. همچنین نیاز به فراهم کردن پیش زمینه های لازم و توجه به قیود و تهدید هایی که بر تولید و اجرای برنامه های شهری و تشکیل یک سازوکار یکپارچه برنامه ریزی پایدار در سطح اجتماع اثر می گذارد، در فرآیند پیشنهادی مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. دستاورد مقاله، کوششی است که در تطابق دادن سازوکار و فرآیند برنامه ریزی توسعه اجتماع پایدار در چنین محله ای و نیز در تلفیق دو انگاشت «برنامه ریزی توسعه اجتماع» و «پایداری» با استفاده از تدوین چارچوب و فرآیند پیشنهادی برنامه ریزی توسعه اجتماع پایدار در محله امیرآباد انجام شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: اجتماع محلی، پایداری برنامه ریزی توسعه اجتماع، برنامه ریزی توسعه اجتماع پایدار، محله امیرآباد شهر تهران
  • مدل تحلیل تراکم ساختمانی پایدار / موردپژوهی: منطقه یک شهر ارومیه (محدوده خیابان دانشکده)
    پروین پرتوی، سالار پژمانفر صفحه 47
    امروزه دستیابی به توسعه پایدار و تراکم ساختمانی مناسب و پایدار در سطح شهرها به منظور ارتقای کیفیت زندگی و بهبود محیط زیست شهری از ضرورت های توسعه شهری محسوب می شود. توسعه روزافزون جمعیت شهرنشین، محدودیت منابع و لزوم بهره وری عقلایی از امکانات موجود، اهمیت توجه به مقوله تراکم در شهرها را دو چندان می نماید. زیرا تعیین تراکم جمعیتی و ساختمانی از مهمترین ابزارهای شهرسازی در راستای تعادل بخشی و ایجاد نظم در سیستم های پیچیده شهری است. شناسایی مولفه ها و عوامل موثر بر تراکم ساختمانی از ابعاد مختلف و کندوکاو در ارتباط متقابل این مولفه ها با معیارهای توسعه پایدار شهری به منظور تدوین مدل تحلیلی تراکم ساختمانی پایدار و آزمون آن در محدوده مورد مطالعه از اهداف اصلی تحقیق حاضر بوده است. روش تحقیق در این مطالعه تحلیلی- ارزیابی بوده و جهت تحلیل داده ها نیز از تکنیک های سوات و تحلیل عاملی استفاده شده است. ارزیابی ها و نتایج تحلیل حاکی از آن است که با توجه به متوسط کل تراکم ساختمانی پایدار پیش بینی شده، قابلیت افزایش تراکم ساختمانی در محدوده وجود دارد، ولی نکته مهم و قابل توجه توزیع مناسب تراکم ساختمانی در سطح محدوده با در نظر گرفتن مشخصات بخش های مختلف منطقه است. همچنین نتایج تحلیل ها از همبستگی و تاثیرپذیری بالای تراکم ساختمانی پایدار با مولفه های اقتصادی و کالبدی حکایت می کنند.
    کلیدواژگان: تراکم ساختمانی، تراکم پایدار، مدل تحلیلی، تحلیل عاملی، شهر ارومیه
  • روشی برای تحلیل خصیصه های باهمستانی در نظام محلات شهری / نمونه موردی؛ محله نازی آباد تهران
    مجید منصور رضایی، آتوسا مدیری، مجتبی رفیعیان صفحه 69
    «باهمستان» در محلات شهری عاملی مهم در ایجاد حس اعتماد، منزلت، تعلق و مشارکت ساکنان به شمار می رود که امروزه در حوزه ادبیات شهر شناسی به آن توجهی ویژه می گردد. این مفهوم و خصیصه های آن تاکنون به روشنی در حوزه ادبیات شهر شناسی کشور مورد بررسی قرار نگرفته است. تحلیل و بررسی مفهوم مورد نظر به واسطه موضوعیت، نیاز به روش شناسی به خصوصی دارد. هدف این نوشتار، گذر از تعاریف کلی مفهوم باهمستان و درک خصیصه های اصلی و ارائه روشی ساختارمند جهت تحلیل آن در نظام محلات شهری است. جهت این امر، محله نازی آباد تهران مورد مطالعه قرارگرفت. مبانی نظری نوشتار برگرفته از نظریات شولتس، رلف و کراس شکل یافت و برای پژوهش، بهره گیری از دو رویکرد اول شخص و اگزیستانسیال برگرفته از روش پدیدارشناسی انتخاب گردید. ارزیابی نتایج، حکایت از مکان بودن، مولد معنا بودن، وجود ارزش و سرمایه های اجتماعی متنوع در میان خرده فرهنگ های سنی و جنسی مختلف و برانگیختن حس تعلق به مکان و اجتماع ساکنان نسبت به محله نازی آباد دارد. در مجموع محله نازی آباد را می توان یک باهمستان معرفی نمود که تمامی خصیصه های باهمستان با اعتبار بالایی در آن صدق می کنند. تحلیل خصیصه های باهمستان مبتنی بر روش پیشنهادی در سایر محلات شهری و بررسی تطبیقی آن ها از آن روی حائز اهمیت است که می تواند برای مدیران و برنامه ریزان شهری سنجه ای در میزان دستیابی به محلاتی شهروند مدارتر باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: محله، باهمستان، پدیدارشناسی
  • کیومرث ایراندوست، هوشمند علیزاده، لیلا خسروانیان، روح الله تولایی صفحه 91
    اسکان غیررسمی پدیده ای فراگیر و به مثابه یکی از چهره های بارز فقر شهری است که درون یا مجاور شهرها به شکلی خودرو، فاقد مجوز ساخت شکل می گیرد. در این پژوهش با رویکردی تحلیلی- توصیفی و با استفاده از مطالعات اسنادی و میدانی سعی شده با بررسی گونه شناسی تطبیقی سکونتگاه های غیررسمی دو شهر سنندج و کرمانشاه، الگوی رایج اسکان غیررسمی و انواع سکونتگاه های غیررسمی بازشناسی شود. بر اساس یافته های پژوهش، سکونتگاه های غیررسمی در این دو شهر را می توان بر اساس معیارهای اصلی از جمله نحوه شکل گیری، روند تشکیل، قدمت شکل گیری، موقعیت و مقیاس دسته بندی نمود. شرایطی همچون بستر طبیعی شهر، روند توسعه تاریخی شهر و جنگ، گونه های مختلفی از سکونتگاه های غیررسمی را شکل داده است. شهر کرمانشاه با سابقه تاریخی کهن واقع در پهنه دشتی در یک حوزه حاصلخیز با پسکرانه روستایی غنی، دارای دامنه و تنوع بیشتر اسکان غیررسمی بوده و شهر سنندج واقع در یک محیط محدود میان کوهی و پسکرانه محدود و یکدست تر، تنوع و گوناگونی کمتری داشته است. در حالی که در کرمانشاه روستای ادغام شده در شهر پدیده رایجی است، در هر دو شهر بیشترین الگو تقسیم و بازتقسیم زمین های کشاورزی و در موارد محدودی مربوط به دوره انقلاب شامل تصرف های عدوانی نیز بوده است.
    کلیدواژگان: فقر شهری، سکونتگاه های غیر رسمی، گونه شناسی سکونتگاه های غیر رسمی، سنندج، کرمانشاه
  • ریما فیاض صفحه 105
    پنجره ها از نظر انتقال حرارت جزء عناصر ضعیف ساختمان محسوب می شوند، اما تابش خورشید به داخل ساختمان از طریق آن ها صورت می گیرد. اگر سطح پنجره به درستی انتخاب شود می توان ضعف حرارتی آن را با دریافت انرژی خورشیدی در اوقات سرد سال جبران نمود. تا کنون مطالعات بسیاری در مورد پنجره ها صورت گرفته است که زمینه های گوناگونی را شامل می شود از قبیل مشخصات اجرایی پنجره، دریافت نور روز از آن و سطح بهینه پنجره برای دریافت خورشیدی. در این مقاله سطح بهینه پنجره برای ساختمان های مسکونی دو شهر اردبیل و تهران با هدف تامین بخشی از نیاز گرمایشی ساختمان مطالعه و پیشنهاد شده است. این بررسی نشان می دهد که می توان سطح مناسبی برای پنجره های جنوبی ساختمان های مسکونی این دو شهر تعیین کرد به نحوی که در اوقات سرد سال بخشی از نیاز گرمایشی فضاها از تابش خورشید تامین شود و در اوقات معتدل دمای داخل در حد آسایش باقی بماند.
    کلیدواژگان: سطح بهینه پنجره، ساختمان مسکونی، گرمایش خورشیدی
  • نوشین ضیاء شهابی، نادیه ایمانی صفحه 121
    به حکم آنکه حفاظت و باززنده سازی بناهای تاریخی مستلزم ایجاد دگرگونی در بخش های مختلف درون و برون بنا است، تغییر در فضای داخلی آن را در پی خواهد داشت. از این رو فهم نقش معماری داخلی در تغییر کاربری بناهای تاریخی و نسبت آن با معماری از نظر میزان مداخله در بنا مسئله ای است درخور تامل. جایگاه معماری داخلی در باززنده سازی بناهای تاریخی کجاست؟ و چگونه می تواند در جهت حفظ ارزش های بنا شکل گیرد؟ به منظور بررسی این امر سه بنای مسکونی که به موزه تبدیل شده اند انتخاب و راهکارهای طراحی معماری داخلی در تغییر شکل بنای تاریخی به موزه به بحث و نقد گذاشته شد. مورد اول موزه موسیقی در خانه ای مسکونی از آثار معماری دوره پهلوی دوم شکل گرفته است. مورد دوم، خانه پدری دکتر محسن مقدم نخستین موزه دانشگاهی ایران به شمار می آید و مامن آثار کم نظیری از تاریخ هنر ایران است. سومین نمونه موزه صبا، نخستین تجربه اداره کل موزه های ایران در ایجاد یک موزه بیوگرافیک در خانه شخصی استاد ابوالحسن صبا است که از آثار معماری دوره پهلوی اول برپا شده است. بررسی و مقایسه این سه نمونه نشان می دهد معماری داخلی در مواجهه با بناهای تاریخی ضمن رعایت اصول مسلم و معتبر این فن چون اصل بازگشت پذیری در پی ایجاد بستری مناسب در بنای تاریخی خواهد بود که همزمان دو امر ارزشی را، یعنی ارزش های نهفته در بنای تاریخی و مجموعه ای که با تبدیل شدن بنا به موزه در آن جای می گیرد، نه تنها بدون مخدوش کردن دیگری، بلکه با تلاش بسیار در جلوه دادن هر یک در پناه دیگری مهیا کند.
    کلیدواژگان: معماری، معماری داخلی، باززنده سازی، تغییر شکل زندگی، ارزش و اصالت بنا
  • صفا محمودیان*، مهرداد قیومی بیدهندی صفحه 141

    شهر اصفهان صفوی را از منظرهای گوناگونی می توان قرائت کرد. یکی از این منظرها نظام مدیریت آب است. حیات پایتخت صفوی هم به حیات زمین های زراعی پیرامون آن وابسته بود و هم به گردش آب در شهر. درخشش اصفهان صفوی بی تردید مرهون نظام استوار مدیریت آب است، که تاکنون کمتر به آن توجه شده است. در این مقاله، با رویکردی انسان شناسانه و با روش تفسیری تاریخی، به مهم ترین جنبه های مادی و غیرمادی نظام مدیریت کلان آب در اصفهان صفوی می پردازیم. در نظام مدیریت آب در اصفهان صفوی، مادی ها را بنا بر قواعدی در شهر می گرداندند؛ هم بهره مصرفی از آنها می گرفتند و هم بهره در فضاسازی شهری؛ سپس آب را به کفایت به مزارع می رساندند. حصول چنین نتیجه ای، گذشته از مهندسی دقیق آب (که موضوع این مقاله نیست)، از طریق تعیین حقابه ها و نظارت دقیق بر اجرای آنها با توجه به نیازها و اوضاع آب وهوایی و قوانین فقهی ممکن می شد. چنین مدیریتی مستلزم تدبیر در اقتصاد آب بود که آن را با ابتنا بر فروش و وقف آب و قوانین فقهی مربوط به آن اداره می کردند. تشکیلات مدیریت آب نیز بسیار مهم بود و میرابی از مهم ترین مشاغل دستگاه صفوی شمرده می شد. در اواخر دوره صفویه، همه مراتب نظام مدیریت آب دچار خلل و فساد شد و رفته رفته فروریخت.

    کلیدواژگان: تاریخ شهر، اصفهان صفوی، مدیریت سنتی آب، نظام آب
  • سیده میترا هاشمی صفحه 155
    بیشتر کسانی که با معماری گذشته ایران آشنا هستند، به زودی از میان ما خواهند رفت و رفتن ایشان برابر است با از دست دادن گنجینه ای از شناخت در این باره. هرچند اهمیت منابع شفاهی در مطالعات تاریخ معماری، به ویژه تاریخ معماری ایران روشن است، تاکنون هیچ پژوهشی درباره رابطه حوزه مخصوص این گونه پژوهش، یعنی تاریخ شفاهی، با تاریخ معماری و تاریخ معماری ایران نشده است. در این مقاله به این رابطه و حوزه حاصل از پیوند آنها یعنی «تاریخ شفاهی معماری ایران» می پردازیم. شناخت شاخه «تاریخ شفاهی معماری ایران» بیش و پیش از هر چیز مستلزم داشتن تصوری روشن از آن است؛ به همین سبب در این مقاله، از چیستی تاریخ شفاهی معماری ایران می پرسیم. برای این کار، نخست شناختی اجمالی از تاریخ به دست می آوریم و ساختار پژوهش آن را می جوییم. ساختار پژوهش تاریخی را مبنایی برای بیان چیستی تاریخ شفاهی و چیستی تاریخ معماری ایران می کنیم. تبیین چیستی تاریخ شفاهی و تاریخ معماری ایران بر پایه ساختاری مشترک، راه را برای پیوند این دو شاخه و تعریف تاریخ شفاهی معماری ایران می گشاید. پژوهش حاضر درآمدی است بر تاریخ شفاهی معماری ایران و تدوین و تبیین مبانی نظری این شاخه جدید تا سرآغازی شود برای پژوهش های آتی و دستیابی به دانش آشنایان به معماری ایران، و نگهداری این میراث ارزشمند برای آیندگان.
    کلیدواژگان: تاریخ شفاهی معماری ایران، تاریخ شفاهی، تاریخ معماری، تاریخ، معماری
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  • Koroush Golkar Page 5
    During the last decade many serious concerns have been expressed over Tehran's urban design and cityscape quality by professionals and academics alike. If Tehran is to improve its competitiveness within a rapidly globalizing world and if it is to enhance its resident's experience of urban life, it will need to improve its cityscape/ image quality. Several efforts are reported to have been made by different agencies to address Tehran's built form and appearance since the late 1970's (e.g. TDCS and Tehran's Beatification Agency initiatives), however it was not until 2006 when for the first time official decision was made to systematically and statutorily deal with the city's visual environment through preparing the "Tehran's Urban Design and Cityscape Management Plan (TSUDCMP) as a supplementary plan to Tehran's "New Master Plan". The TSUDCMP was conceived to be devised through three consecutive phases first of which was devoted to visioning study on the current state of Tehran's cityscape/ image and its future directions. This article aims to partially present the results of the mentioned study by analyzing and interpreting the collected data pertaining to the visual environment of Tehran. A survey was carried out, in this study, to collect attitudes and views of a group of official authorities, professional and academics on the issue in hand. The respondents were selected based on their influential roles in policy-making and their engagement with research and decision making on urban design guidance and control in Tehran. Of 143 individuals who were asked to fill out the questionnaire or take part in a structured interview, finally 59 persons agreed to perform the task (n=59). The questionnaire, being an extensive one, consisted of 78 questions and propositions (with five-point Liker scales) to measure the subject's responses. The questionnaire, being modeled after Oregon's Model of Visioning (Ames, 1993) was organized under four major headings to address 1-the current profile of Tehran's cityscape/ image, 2-its probable scenario, and 3-its preferred scenario or desirable vision, and finally 4- the actions required to improve it. This article deals with the analysis and interpretation of 18 items of the mentioned questionnaire. The study results showed that a decisive majority of respondents evaluated the overall state of Tehran's cityscape as "bad" or "very bad" (85%), nevertheless they optimistically believed a more effective urban management may help Teheran to become a "beautiful city" (76.4%). The study also revealed that the most important views and vistas of Tehran were those associated with Mount Alborz, gateway precinct's views (Tehran's entrances) and the views observable from urban highways. Virtually all of the respondents believed a lack of an urban design plan to be the main cause of eyesore scenes and disorderly townscapes in Tehran (98.1%). They also believed that "Urban Visual Management" should be considered as an indispensible dimension of urban management which means a need for an institutional reform and capacity building, both at national and local level. The respondents mentioned that visual aspect of urban setting was inseparable from its functional and environmental aspects which required a more sustainable and holistic approach to urban aesthetics rather than a cosmetic one.
    Keywords: Tehran, Urban design, Cityscape, City Image, Visioning
  • Tahereh Granpayehvaghei, Zohre Daneshpour Page 25
    This paper seeks to achieve and make efficient use of principles and methods of planning on the scale of a Local Community referred to as Sustainable Community Development Planning. It further provides and presents a mechanism and a process for sustainable community development planning in Amirabad neighborhood, Tehran, Iran – as an alternative and distinct method among other common community planning methods in Tehran. Amirabad neighborhood in district 6 of Tehran has been chosen as the case study for the research because of two key reasons. On one hand, it enjoys some positive aspects of a neighborhood as a community, such as prevailing residential land use, local identity, specific physical characteristics, and presence of an active local council (an efficacious public organization and an essential feature of a local community). On the other hand, it suffers from various urban drawbacks (such as a lack of unity and participatory behavior among its citizen, shortage of trust and reliance among community members, air pollution, traffic congestion, and waste management) illuminating the importance of planning, problem-solving treatment, and choosing a sustainable view that requires further attention and action. This research differentiates the premise of the sustainable community development planning by studying the theoretical basis of the two concepts of sustainability and community development planning. It further proposes a framework and a process for sustainable community development planning in Amirabad neighborhood by studying the status and condition of the community and sustainable development of it (based on visual and perceptual features). Visual dimensions rest upon recorded and official information, while perceptual dimensions warrant a research through cognitive and subjective ideas of the community members and the related stakeholders in decision making, design, completion, and processing of targeted questionnaires. The questionnaires processed by in-depth analysis with the use of SPSS software so that the relationship between different charachteristics, behaviours, assets, and demands of both the community and community members are studied, analysed and concluded. The output of the paper is an effort to adapt the proposed mechanism and process of sustainable community development planning for this neighborhood and such neighborhoods alike, with emphasis on its assets (like physical and social capital, streghts and belongings of the community). Moreover, the paper concludes by assimilating the two concepts of community development planning and sustainability by developing a proposed framework for sustainable community development planning in Amirabad neighborhood. This assimilation is based upon considering the need for providing the essential backgrounds and bases for making use of the proposed process (by providing relatory suitable information management, trust building, education, and increasing the transparency). It also requires paying attention to limitations and threats affecting the production and implementation of urban development plans in Iran and establishing an integrated mechanism for sustainable planning in a community level.
    Keywords: Local Community, Sustainability of Community Development Plan, Sustainable Community Development Planning, Amirabad Neighborhood in Tehran City
  • Parvin Partovi, Salar Pezhmanfar Page 47
    Today achieving in sustainable development and appropriate and optimum building density in cities is necessary for urban development in order to improve the quality of life and boost urban environment, fair usage of urban services and prevent from different problems. Increasing urban population, source restriction and necessity of rational usage of current amenities make the importance of attention to density in cities twice. Because building and population densities determination are one of the most important planning measures to equilibrate and create ordinary in complex urban systems. The main goals of this study have been include: recognition measures and effective factors on building density in different aspects of economic, social, environmental and physical, and studying in interconnection between them and sustainable urban development measures in order to determine analyze model of sustainable building density and examining it in part of Region 1 in Urmie City. To reach these goals, analyze study method has been used and required information has been collected by documental study and survey, so 1071 residential and 250 non-residential buildings have been studied by census method. Factor Analyze and SWOT Technique have been used to analyze the data. Factor Analyze helps with discovering hidden relation between indicators and determination of their correlation rate together and giving them weight based on importance and analyzing data by SWOT Technique makes them possible to reality study the results of Factor Analyze in case study. Notification to the results of these techniques both together made the determination of appropriate range of building density possible per each block. Evaluations and analyzing results show that the average of the whole predicted building density for case study in Urmie city is more than the current building density and there is ability to increase building density in this district, but this point should be noticed that appropriate building density distribution in the district is with considering the characteristics of different parts of the region, because at this moment unproportioned increasing building density procedure with sustainable development principles cause creating inhomogeneous building densities. Also index evaluation results show the correlation an effectiveness of optimum building density with physical and economic indicators. On the other hand, the study results show that the district problems about uncertainty of sustainable building density are include: lack of attention to environmental characteristics, inappropriate population and family distributions, high building density centralization in some areas, lack of consideration to neighbors’ rights, lack of green space, lack of attention to neighboring, ignoring culture and resident most pattern and finally lack of consideration to physical rules and regulations.
    Keywords: Building Density, Sustainable Density, Analytical Model, Factor Analyze, Urmie City
  • Majid Mansoor Rezaee, Autosa Modiri, Mojtaba Rafieian Page 69
    In addition to the physical characteristics of urban neighborhoods, they differ from social and cultural dimensions. This dimensions include; residents characteristics, cultural, social interaction and shared values that called “community” in the neighborhood as a fixed and identified place. The creation of community is a complex and dynamic socio-cultural process. Communities are significant factor in increase sense of confidence, dignity, belonging and participation of residents. It seems that what was understood as ‘community’ was often rooted in this realm of the familiar but mundane and everyday interactions – chatting at the post office or hairdresser s and conversations related to the school, the bowling club and suchlike. Community was constructed through this myriad of intangible and fleeting, routine and mundane interactions in various localized settings. Community concept in the last decade has become one of the important part of urbanism literature In the word. But in Iran, the concept of community so far has not been considered. The aim of this paper over the overall definition of community and understanding the main features is its. Furthermore introduce an efficient and structured method for analyzing the features of community in the urban neighborhood. Because of this gold was done extensive library study that helps to clarify characteristic of community. This research focuses on an urban neighborhood in Tehran: “Nazi abad” in the south west of Tehran. The development of this neighborhood began from 1940’s (the industrialization period of Tehran).The area was constructed based on an urban development planed this plan all the public spaces and cultural/educational centers were considered. As it mention earlier The concept of community is complex and multidimensional so requires a special methodology for study. Methodology of this paper is descriptive, based on deductive reasoning using syntactic strategy (qualitative – quantitative) with more focus on qualitative strategy specially phenomenology. Theoretical paper was based on Schultz ideas about place, Ralph and cross ideas about sense of belonging to place and contemporary literature about the social values. The validity of the phenomenological approach is an appropriate means of interpretation. In this paper the relative validity of qualitative methods was trying to pay attention to basic principles of qualitative methodology such as; emphasis on natural locations, emphasizing the meaning an interpretation and undeastanding of the interviewees. Interviews was conducted with 8 group of people (teenager, young, middle – age and elderly) in 2 group of men and women that in the end include 22 depth interviews. The paper first presents a brief overview of the methodology, Theoretical framework and then reviews findings covering 22 respondents living in nazi abad which represent their public life in nazi Abad s public realm. Assessment result show the existence of place identity, social capital, sense of belonging, sense of place and belonging to a community in the nazi abad neighborhood. Studies indicate that should be introduced nazi abad as a community because it contains all of the community feature.
    Keywords: Neighborhood, Community, Phenomenology
  • Kayoumars Irandoost, Hooshmand Alizadeh, Leila Khosravanian, Ruhollah Tavalaee Page 91
    Informal settlements are tangible feature of urban poor in developing countries and can be recognized as a possible choice for them to build/buy a house with minimum cost and time consuming in urban areas. They have usually come up illegally either on the government land or private land in a haphazard manner in and around the city. They are unplanned and violating all norms of government planning. Bad houses with inadequate light, air, toilet and bathing facility; overcrowding and high density of population are some of the features of these informal settlements. They range from high density, squalid central city tenements to spontaneous squatter settlements without legal recognition or rights, sprawling at the edge of cities. Some are more than fifty years old, some are land invasions just underway. Due to the process and conditions of construction, environmental conditions, and other features, they are known by many different names around the country yet share the same miserable living conditions. To pursue this diversity in the informal settlements, a kind of comparative approach has been adopted regarding the typology of informal settlements in two cities of Kermanshah and Sanandaj. Regarding the economic characteristics, Kemanshah has attracted more migerations due to its location in the West of the Country, Accordiing to the fact that the migration to Kermanshah includes ethnic and cultural diversity so the variety of informal settelments has been more obvious. The results shows that the informal settlements of these cities can be classified based on the main factors of origin of formation, process of formation, location, size of settlements, and other sub-factors. This classification also revealed that there are different types of informal settlements in these cities regarding the geophysical conditions of the cities setting, historical process of cities development, and war. With a long record of history, the city of Kermanshah which located in a fertile plain surrounded by a strong rural hinterland and more contemporary changes has contained different types of informal settlements. On the contrary, the city of Sanandaj which surrounded by mountains and contained a limited and unified number of rural hinterlands has comprised less diversity in the typology of informal settlements. Within these cities, the most type of informal settlements is in relation to the successive division of agricultural land by individuals and speculators and in limited cases after the revolution, there is a type which can be classified as forcible seizure of land. Due to the geophysical setting, incorporated villages into urban built-up areas are the main type of informal settlements in the city of Kermanshah. Slum state is a kind of poor neigbourhoods of Kermanshah that was shaped by government but squatted by migrants of Iraq war. Although these public housings were built for public officers and acquirers, it was never evacuated by war immigrants and consequently they became slum states. regarding the” despair and hope” theory, the settlements are mainly the slum of Hope kind in both cities, Only Chaman neigbourhood can be some how interpreted as a slum of despair in Kermanshah.
    Keywords: Urban poor, informal settlements, Typology of informal settlements, Sanandaj, Kermanshah
  • Rima Fayaz Page 105
    Solar gain through windows compensate for their thermal weakness in building envelope. Free solar gains in this way have a significant effect on reducing heating load of the building. Then not only thermal comfort during cold season is obtained, but also the pollution induced by burning fossil fuels will be reduced. One of the simplest passive solar elements is south window which is vastly used in traditional and newly built buildings. In contrast to traditional ones, there is no specific size introduced for these windows in modern buildings so that designers may be able to apply them. Many researches have been carried out concerning windows, which cover up various subjects. Researches so far done mostly concentrate on specifications of the glass, day lighting from windows and optimum window area for passive solar heating. As Iran is situated in the solar belt of the earth, traditional buildings in this country mostly relied on passive solar heating through windows. In modern buildings also the same strategy for passive heating of interior spaces can readily be applied. In this paper the optimum window area for residential buildings of Ardabil (cold climate) and Tehran (hot-arid climate) is studied in order to obtain part of building's annual heating energy need by solar incidence through windows. The research is carried out by simulation. Two softwares were used, EnergyPlus for simulation and calculating hourly inside temperatures and heating load of the building and Ecotect as graphical interface. A typical room in each above mentioned cities was selected. The room under study has a south orientation. It was supposed that the room is surrounded by spaces having similar temperature and only its south wall with window contributes to heat transfer. There is no heating system in the room in order to see the effect of solar incidence inside. The window area was changed from 5% to 50% of the floor area in five steps intervals. The simulation was carried out considering three different window types and walls: no insulation with single glazing window, insulated south wall with single glazing window and insulated south wall with double glazed window. After selecting the proper window area, two typical residential buildings one in Ardabil and the other in Tehran were simulated considering four different cases, first with the building and the window area as it is and the other three cases with the optimum window area and the previously mentioned window and wall types. The results showed that by applying the optimum window area, heating load will significantly decrease. When the building is insulated according to Code No. 19 (Energy Conservation in Buildings), to prevent overheat during mild period of the year the window area should be decreased. Overall this study indicates that there are optimum window areas for buildings with and without insulation which by applying them heating load decreases and energy conservation will be met during cold period of the year, and also there will be thermal comfort inside within mild seasons.
    Keywords: Optimum window area, Residential building, solar heating
  • Nooshin Ziashahabi, Nadieh Imani Page 121
    Today it is generally accepted that any outstanding architectural work is a constitutive moment of cultural heritage. The worth of a built architectural work depends on several facts such as time, place, life style, techniques and current temporal architectural paradigms. Through passing the time, the building may be let useless and in the danger to be destroyed and even annihilated. Therefore it needs to be updated and revitalized. Since the revitalization of a historical building changes in its inside causes, the basic problem in this field is that of the interior design and its relation to the architecture. It must be interrogated: What is the function of the interior design concerning the revitalization of the historical building? How should it be performed in order to preserve historical values of the buildings? Through experiences and approaches in the interior design, the inquiry attempts to study carefully three cases of revitalized and into museum converted residential houses. The first one is Music Museum that is established in a house from second-Pahlavi period with the intention of exhibit and introduces Iranian music. The second one is Moghadam Museum, which is established in Dr. Mohsen Moghadam’s family house from Ghajar’s period. This museum is the first academic museum in Iran and contains a precious collection of art works and archeologically discoveries. And the last case study is Saba museum which is established in a house of the late master of Persian music: AbolhassanSaba (1902-1957). Saba Museum is the first Iranian biographical museum. Through comparison these three museums it is attempted to introduce the methods of the interior design in performing the revitalization of an old building, and discuss its place and importance. Each case study is divided into two sections. The first section gives a brief account of the changes until the present state, and describes the present situation as well as the architectural and interior design characteristics. From the life–style view-point the second section analyses the inside structure and quality and finally compares the old form of the interior space with the new one. When it comes to revitalizinga historical building, there is no general criterion. Each interior design project brings withit a unique combination of challenges, problems, strengths and weaknesses, which have possibly never seen before. On historic buildings, how much of the old should be conserved? How far should the renovation either imitate or diverge from the original? What sort of new technologies and materials are compatible with old structures and finishes? These are just some of the questions, which inevitably arise in revitalizing. The comparison of three case studies shows that in confrontation to the historical buildings, the interior designers have several approaches according to their view point concerning the preservation and presentation the building’s values. Dealing with the converting a house into a museum two important matters must be kept in mind: the presentation of the values contained in the historical building and the presentation of the precious collection of things, which must be placed in the museum.
    Keywords: Architecture, Interior design, revitalization, life-style, value, originality of the building
  • Safa Mahmoudian*, Mehrdad Qayyoomi Bidhendi Page 141

    After about five centuries from the Seljuqs’ period, Isfahan was again picked up as the capital by Shah Abbas I Safavid in the early seventeenth century. Ruling an arid land such Iran without a serious attention to water management system was really impossible. The water management system was more important for Shah Abbas because of his vision about the new capital of his empire and the important role of water order in it. He had to manage the city’s water, both for urban and agricultural uses, so to be proper for the city’s explosive growth in expansion and population, and also for his vision and power. Reading Safavid Isfahan from its water management system viewpoint is one of the most important ways in understanding the city. In this article we do it by an anthropological approach and interpretive-historical method. In the water management system of Safavid Isfahan, they allow the mādis (manmade streams) to pass through the city on the basis of certain rules. They used the streams both for consumptions and in urban spaces, by the two main mādis called Fadan and Farshādi, and then convey the water to the suburb. Among the mādis in the city, the city itself had share only in the water of Fadan mādi. The other mādis, having no benefit for the city, passed it and flowed into the farmlands nearby. The water distribution system which ruled over Zāyandeh River and the mādis was also valid in the city water system; in Summer the water was reserved for agricultural lands in the suburb and only occasionally was run through the city streams. Such an achievement was only possible by a considered hydraulic and civil engineering (which its study is not in the scope of this article), by water rights and distribution system and careful supervision proper to the needs, weather and juridical laws. Such a management had also economical aspects, which were managed by selling and consecrating water according to Islamic jurisprudence. Selling water was among the major income resources of the Safavid court. Depending on the size of all owners’ properties, and depending on the number of times that they made use of water in a month, they paid annually. The water management organization was also important. The importance of water system in the city management required a perfect and strict supervision; so the water bailiff (mirāb) was a considerable office in the Safavid court; to the extent that the water bailiff of the Capital Isfahan was once the commander-in-chief of the Khorasan Province as well and sometimes the king himself supervised the system. The waning of the Safavids was also along with, or followed by, the propagation of corruption in water system management. For example, the tourists’ accounts in the reign of Shah Suleiman testify the propagation of oppression and corruption among water bailiffs, so that the water bailiffs and their assistants usually take huge bribes from the peasants.

    Keywords: Urban history, Safavid Isfahan, traditional water management, water supply system
  • Mitra Hashemi Page 155
    Oral history, established in the twentieth century, is a new branch of historical researches. The main sources of oral history are the spoken words of people, who have knowledge of past events. There are also people who are acquainted with Iranian architecture thus, would be valuable resources in Iranian architectural historiography. However, the limited lifespan of these resources has been neglected since their deaths means losing a great knowledge about Iranian architecture. Despite the vast importance of oral resources in architectural historiography, especially the Iranian ones, there is no research on the relationship between oral history and architectural history. This research contemplates on this relationship in theory. perception of this new branch of historical researches, must be started with discusions about the concept of it. Then this paper will consentrates on the definition of oral architectural history of Iran. This essay begins with a discussion about the definition of ‘history’, followed by exploration of the meaning of ‘oral history’, and ‘architectural history’; specially their similarities. At last the definition of ‘oral architectural history of Iran’ will be obtained. Architectural history is a field of architectural researches exploring for part of past events through which places were bulit and populated, which are called ‘architectural events’ in this essay. Architectural history deals with this events via remained historical evidences. Oral history of architecture, particularly iranian one, is a new field among architectural historiograhy. It’s main resources are the observations of eyewitnesses of past architectural events, including people who patronized building of a place, designed and consructed it, lived in it, or the people who had no effect on the architectural events but just saw it. Hence oral architectural history bounded to contemporary events. One part of contemporary events of Iranian architecture is the events of modern architecture which are dedicated to masters and pioneers of Iranian modern architeture. moreover, the other part is pertinent to traditional events of contemporary architecture. A few masters of traditional iranian architecture who belongs to the generations of architects didnt attend in modern schools of architecture but learned it through traditional manners are alive. They are the latest generation of ancient architects of iran and today is a precious opportunity to be acquainted with knowledge, works, thechnics and other aspects of old Iranian architecture. Oral architectural history of Iran would go beyond limitations of architectural historiography. It can seeks for architectural events which are neglected in official history, such as events of remote towns and villages, low and deprived classes of society, and religious and ethnic minitories; In principal, oral architectural history can pursues past architectural events through the eyes of those who made it and achieve a good knowledge of it. Contemporary architectural events are the main subjects of oral architecural history but its benefites is not restricted to it. Oral history of architecture helps us conserving and reviving evidences of old architetural events destroyed lately which could brought out from memories of people who have seen them. This essay attempts to introduce some theoretical issues of oral history in Iranian architectural history to researchers who want to explore and maintain the vast knowledge of people that know the Iranian architecture.
    Keywords: oral architectural history of Iran, oral history, Architectural history, History, Architecture