پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 25 (زمستان 1390)

Imam Reza’s (PBUH) period was one of the most challenging political and cultural periods. Division in the Abbassid government, conflict between Amin And Mamon, Alavians’ riot, and Imam’s being invited to Khorasan needed Imam’s special decision to counter the crises. Imam’s being invited to Khorasan and offering him heir to Caliphate was one of the unprecedented events during the Abassid’s era and was a turning point in Shiite’s history. The issue of heir to Caliphate and Imam’s presence in Khorasan called for special political measures on the part of Imam. Imam’s cultural mission was realized in the form of debates, which made his measures against the most intelligent Abbassid Caliphate, Mamon, effective. Imam advised Mamon to move to Baghdad to reestablish security and social cohesion. Such measures, which showed Imam’s prudence, are of the distinguishing features of his period.

The main aim behind long war between Iran and Bezant was initially to conquer new lands and to extend Empires, but it gradually changed to dominate trade roads including carvani's roads, rivers, seas and main trade cities, from which the path of main trade roads passed.Long war between Bezant and Persia caused the path of many those roads located at arena of war to be changed, as traders left many roads and chose new paths for their trade. Silk Road was one of those main roads that was effected by this competition and the traders followed new paths out of Persian-Bezant war arena. Based on Persian and Roman sources and other historical evidence, this research has tried to examine the effect of Sasanian- Bezant wars on the change in path of trade roads from lands to sea and vice- versa.

Qarmatians movement was one of the important and extensive movements against feudalism in the second half of the third century(AH). It led to the formation of Qarmatian government in eastern Arabia, Lahsa, and Bahrain. Qarmatian government in Bahrain was a major military and political base against Abbasid’s Caliphates. Qarmatians were of the characteristics which attracted people suffered from Abbassid’s abuse and injustice. The most important characteristics of Qarmatians was their social management, which attracted lower levels of society such as farmers and craftsmen. They managed to establish a society based on sharing principle.

The formation of Safavid government put an end to foreign ruling in Iran. It turned the country back into a powerful country. Restoring internal security, establishing the rule of law, and reforming official, military and management systems, especially during Shah Abbas I, gave Safavid political and territorial identity. Investigating economical, commercial and trading relationship between Safavid government and European governments is important. The focus of this research is on economical, commerical situation relationship between Safavid, government and European government. It also studies the main factors affecting this relation. This research highlights many uncleaar points in Iran history since the formation of Safavid government.

The Abbasids formed during the late fist century (AH), using anti-Omavid feelings prevalent at that time. To stabilize their government, Abassids resorted to different means to attract the most popular currents of thoughts. They used political, religious, and cultural means to legitimize their government. Once stabilized, they deny people the privileges given to them. Their influence led some Shiites not to recognize their Imam.

If the communication between people and thinkful flow, artistic, ceremonies, religious were actually culture transference by goods. Surely, Iranians would have a particulare rolle in this cultural herritages transfer such as partians, Babylonian, sogdian, khotanian, khowarazmian, have a big share in this transfer. Immigrants, Businessmen, religious missioners, travel through the central Asia and they were the agent for transferring their material, cultural, religious outputs that they sometimes were confronted with the attack of tribes as Hunian, Heftalit, Hayatale, Turkeys, and Mongols. Some of them were attracted by theirselves. Through this adventurous silk of route was that differences religious as buddhism, Tao, Mani, Christians, Islam, reached to china. In fact, China,India, Iran, as the important and effective agent have been created and linked with national culture in this strategic route. Surely, the emergence of the kushanians civilization ever in south and east of Afganistan and in north of Indian subcontinent contributed in combination of the Iranian and Indian and Greeks culture. The silk route of in the old period was an economical, cultural subject that has been added their economical, cultural function because of spreading communications and transportation. Silk Production in china in old ages were enumerated an important and industrial secrets and and trade and Business. Transportation of this goods from china to region Meditranian sea were through different routes. One of these important routes were the best-known an Achemenid Royal route that was a big and royal route. This route formed after west part of this big silk route. Development of the trade exchanges made extend communications between differences tribes. At 2 century B.C. has been developed trade relations between east and west and luxury things. Silk route was the main factor of the commercial and economical exchanges and transmitting of knowledges and advanced civilization between west and east of the world. Transmitting of knowledge appeared before the industrial revolution in Europe from east to west gradually fom west to east. It maybe accomplished a kind of interchange because of the economical, scientific, technical developments in the east of Asia that we will witness in future.

The Mashroteh(constitutional) revolution in Iran can be understood as an anti tyranny movement. Mashrotyat was an attempt to restrict traditional force and to distribute power systematically in the form of new institutions. The political power preceding Mashroteh had a tyrannical structure, with unlimited power. The government was considered the property of the Sultan and his power was assumed absolute. This essay is an attempt to investigate the social and political situation in Iran during Qajar period. It is believed that the Mashroteh was a national awareness which was intended to take advantage of the favorable historical situation for the liberation of it's people. There is a discussion on the well – known 1919(A.C. or 1337 AH) treaty and its social impact on the powers of the poets and the writers writing as well as the literary circles. Also, some poems by Eshghi in disagreement to this treaty are mentioned.

Eskandar Sheikhi, a follower of Ghavamodin Marashi also known as Great Mir, and the last surviving member of Voshtasoph Chalavi family, joined Teymor in attacking Khorasan and Iraq. When Ghavami Marashi’s seyyids were defeated, he was appointed by Teymor to rule in Mazandaran. When Eskandar Sheikhi rebelled against Teymor, Afrasiabians had him killed by Seyyed Hadi Kia to prevent Teymor’s attack to Mazandaran. In return, they are given the government of Chelavie. Some members loyal to Eskandar Sheikhi spent some times in amountaneous region near Chelav. When Ismail I took power they ebelled against him and killed Rey’s governor. Theyy even made am iron cage, which they claim had been built to put Ismail I into. Upon hearing this, Ismail I attacked them and kiiled them. The present article tries to describe how Esta Castle was conquered and how innocent people were killed. This shows inconsistencies of Ismail I’s conduct with Shiites.